|
|
TOPIC 2. TOURISM
|
A) CHANGING
NATURE OF TOURISM
BNSS
|
* Study Fig. 2, which shows
statistics on tourism earnings ($US) and average length of stay of tourists
in Tanzania from 2006 to 2009.
|
|
|
Fig.
2
|
|
|
(i) Using data from Fig.2, describe the
relationship between tourism earnings and average length of stay of tourists
in Tanzania. [4]
|
|
|
Knowledge Target: Trends in
Tourism
·
While
tourism earnings have increased from 2006 to 2007 by US$249 million, the
average length of stay of tourists remained the same at 12 days.
·
While
tourism earnings further increased from 2007 to 2008 by US$90 million, the
average length of stay of tourists experienced a fall of 2 days from 12 days
in 2007 to 10 days in 2008.
·
While
tourism earnings decreased from 2008 to 2009 by US$129 million, the average
length of stay of tourists experienced an increase of 1 day from 10 days in
2008 to 11 days in 2009.
·
Therefore,
there is no clear relationship between tourism earnings and average length of
stay of tourists OR there is an inverse/negative relationship between tourism
earning and average length of stay of tourists shown from 2007 to 2009.
|
|
|
(ii) Account for the trends in tourism earnings
in Tanzania from 2006 to 2009. [5]
|
|
|
Knowledge Target: Demand and Destination Factors
Rise in tourism earnings from 2006
to 2008 may reflect an increase in tourist numbers to Tanzania and this may
be due to:
· People having higher
global incomes. With an increase in disposable income, people have more money
to spend on goods and services when travelling in Tanzania.
· Tanzania increased
investments in tourism infrastructure and services. Tourists are attracted to
Tanzania through investments in transport and accommodation infrastructure as
they enjoy greater convenience and accessibility.
· Tourists
developing varied interests due to education and the influence of
globalisation, they are attracted to many different destinations which offer
different experiences and not just one region. The exotic destination of
Tanzania which provides tourists with a uniquely different experience could
attract more tourists thus increasing its tourism earnings.
Fall in tourism earnings from
2008-2009 may reflect a decrease in tourist numbers to Tanzania and this may
be due to:
· An economic
crisis/recession which has caused many people to lose their jobs/ suffer from
a wage cut, causing disposable incomes to fall and less people able to afford
to travel.
· Worldwide
pandemics such as SARS and swine flu which has deterred tourists from
travelling for fear they may contract the disease.
|
|
B) REASONS FOR
GROWTH
|
* ‘Better and affordable transport
is the main reason for the growth of global tourism.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Support your answer using evidence. [8]
|
|
Candidate may provide information on
the following points:
Better and affordable transport,
More air routes and agreement, Disposable income, Leisure time
Development in technology has led to
great improvements in safety, shorter travelling time and lower travelling
costs for the average person. Currently, aeroplanes can fly non-stop for
15,000 kilometres and travel at 800 to 1000km per hour. A commercial flight
from Singapore to London now takes around 14 hours. Budget airlines such as
Jetstar Asia and Tiger Airways are able to sell cheaper tickets than major
commercial airlines as their aircrafts are smaller and more fuel-efficient.
Costs are further reduced by selling tickets online rather than through
travel agents. However, besides better and affordable transport, there are
other factors that cause the growth of global tourism.
Disposable income is the amount of
income left to an individual after taxes have been paid. It is the amount of
income available for spending and saving. With rapid economic growth,
countries such as China and India experienced a growing number of middle
income and high-income groups. These are the groups who can afford to spend
more on goods, services and tours.
Changing lifestyle refers to the change
in the way people live throughout their lifetime. The pace of life today is
much faster with longer working hours. Therefore, travelling becomes a way
for people to relax and take a break from their fast-paced lifestyles at work
and at home. Due to advances in medical technology and knowledge, people are
now more health conscious and lead healthier lifestyles. They live longer and
are physically fit to travel frequently. This is evidenced by the increasing
number of healthy retirees. Travelling is also a way for the retirees to
spend the remainder of their healthy years productively. Retirees are major
contributors to the growth of tourism. Cruises are popular with retirees and
they make up many of the passengers on cruise ships in the Caribbean and the
Mediterranean.
Leisure time is the part of a day,
week or year when people have no work commitments. It becomes a time for
relaxation. With more income and paid leave, the middle income to high-income
groups is more inclined to travel. In many DCs and LDCs, people in all income
groups have enjoyed shorter working weeks with more public holidays and more
paid annual leave which allowed more people to travel. In Australia, many
employees can exchange paid overtime work for leave. This increases their
chances of taking longer weekend breaks. In Canada, there has also been an
increase in additional breaks and extended weekends.
|
C) REASONS FOR
FLUCTATIONS
BES
|
3
|
Using examples, discuss the reasons for the fluctuations in tourism in
countries.
|
|
|
|
Diasters
·
Disasters can cause fluctuations
·
Events that can cause great damage to properties, lead to
injuries or cause great loss of lives
·
Discourage tourists from visiting – pose risk to safety of tourists,
disruptions of essential tourists infrastructure
·
Eg: Tohoku Earthquake caused nuclear meltdown at Fukushima
·
By end 2011, Japan’s tourist arrival decreased by 28% to 6.2
million (majority decline from Korea and China)
·
Also discouraged citizens from travelling overseas
·
Eg: 1/3 of tourists to S. Korea from Japan but no. fell by 12%
in March, 8% in April, 2% in May
·
Increase in tourist arrivals again a year after disaster due to
international promotion efforts (showing safe and beautiful Japan)
Global recessions
·
Period of general
slowdown in economic activities
·
Many experience loss
of income/ jobs
·
Pple cut back on
spending = lower dd in goods and services = less likely to travel = lesser
international tourists
·
Can be caused by:
sharp increase in price of goods, problems in financial mkts, decline in
exports
·
Can be global or
regional
·
Regional: only affect a region/ group of countries
·
Eg: European Debt
Crisis 2010
·
Greece unable to pay
its govt debts
·
Since then, other
countries (Ireland, Portugal, Spain) sought help in repaying govt debts
·
Crisis affected many
countries that use Euros in national currency
·
Resulted in collaspe
of businesses and financial institutions and massive unemployment
·
Global: affects many countries around the world
·
Eg: Global Financial
Crisis (2007/ 2008)
·
Started when some of
the world’s largest financial firms went bankrupt
·
Firms collapsed after
loosing large amt of investments in crash of the housing mkts in USA
·
Triggered panic in
most financial institutions ard the world
·
Affected many countries
causing economies to slow down
·
Btwn 2008 and 2010
many of world’s economies experienced recession
·
Europe, N. America
and East Asia affected by rising unemployment and increasing no of part time
workers
·
Eygpt, Morocco
reported shorter tourists stays: staying <1day, and at cheaper
accommodation
·
Many pple choose to
travel within own country rather than travel abroad
·
Usually choose
shorter distances, less on transport
Outbreaks of disease.
·
Sudden and widespread
occurrence of disease in an area
·
RESULT: tourists do
not want to risk getting infected with infectious disease ร decrease in travels
·
Govt agencies also
issue travel advisories to avoid disease outbreak areas
·
Eg: H1N1 or SARS –
cause business to be postponed/ cancellation of large scale MICE activities
·
SARS in 2003, killed
775 pple, infected >8000 in 25 countries
·
Hotel occupancy in HK
dropped from 82% to 15% in May 2003
|
|
D) IMPACTS OF
TOURISM
SCG
|
4
|
With reference to examples, discuss
the economic impact of tourism on LDCs. [6]
|
|
|
Suggested
Introduction
Elaborate- economic impact
Positive impact
Creation of jobs/Employment opportunities
·
tourism is a labour-intensive industry
·
E.g. hotels employ chefs and receptionists
·
E.g. workers in hotels, transportation, souvenir shops and tour
agencies;
·
Some jobs are directly linked to the tourism industry like
travel agents, tour guides etc.
·
In 2011, the UNWTO estimated that the tourism industry employed
235 million people worldwide; this is roughly 6-8% of all the jobs in the
world
Growth in income/Contribution to revenue
·
Tourist spending enable industries to make profits
·
government taxes on these industries → revenue
·
E.g. In 2011, worldwide tourism receipts exceeded US$1 trillion.
·
In Pamilacan Island in the Philippines, local tor companies hire
fishermen to take tourists on their boats to look for and swim with whale
sharks and dolphins; the fishermen are paid between US$80 and US$100 per boat
for their service
·
With a high demand for their service from tourists, the
fishermen can expect additional income; tour companies also experience
increase in revenue
Increase in foreign exchange
·
Money earned from other countries in exchange of goods and
services
·
Foreign exchange is earned from the spending of international
travellers
·
E.g. tourism is Fiji’s largest foreign exchange earner; it makes
up for between 20 and 25% of the country’s economy
Development of Infrastructure
·
Infrastructure developed for tourism – roads, railways, and
other amenities
·
Roads that link airports, cities and tourist sites – increases
accessibility to local attractions
·
Revenue earned can be used to build more schools and hospitals;
local people benefit
·
Provide income for local people as locals are needed for
construction purposes
·
thus improve their standard of living
·
Local materials may be used in constructing infrastructure-
hence boosting the local industries
·
Eg. In both the cities, Athens [Greece] and Beijing [China],
underground rail systems were expanded to move large number of visitors
during the Olympic Games in 2004 and 2008 respectively
Negative Impact
Leakage
·
Much of the profits earned goes to foreign owners than local
workers → leakage - loss of job opportunities
·
E.g. travellers may fly to Phuket, Thailand on a non-local airline,
stay in a foreign-owned hotel, drive around in foreign-made cars and eat
imported food
·
So money spent by tourists will contribute to paying for these
imported items/money spent may not stay in the local economy/may bring few
benefits to local businesses and workers
Vulnerability to seasons/Seasonal
Unemployment
·
Tourism subject to peak and off-peak seasons/tourist activities
depend on climatic conditions
·
So people in tourism related jobs may have to find other sources
of income
Underuse of facilities
·
Since some types of tourism is seasonal, facilities built
specifically for certain events may be underused- hence costly to maintain
·
Because money/revenue earned from tourists normally pays for the
cost of maintaining such facilities
·
E.g. Beijing National Aquatics Center had been renovated into a
water park in August 2010, but in 2011, only one-third of major sports venues
in China have managed to break even
Shortage
of services
·
Tourist infrastructure may require large amounts of land, water
and power
·
This could lead to a shortage of services such as water supplies
or power in non-tourist areas
A complete answer may not include
all the above points
|
BWS
|
5
|
“Tourism
can bring more problems to less developed countries”.
How true is this statement?
Give reasons for your answer.
[6]
|
|
|
Yes, it is true [at least 1
factor explained].
-
Shortage of services, e.g.
water, electricity
-
Seasonal unemployment eg.
During lull periods where no or fewer tourists = no jobs
-
Underuse of facilities eg.
Stadium built for 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing/ World Cup in Brazil =
only a one-time increase in tourists
-
Dilution of culture and local
customs eg. Pseudo-culture = lost their own distinctive traits
-
Increased crimes = becomes
materialistic looking at the well-to-do tourists
-
Increased congestion
-
Vandalism
-
Pollution and littering /
Destruction of habitats / Increased carbon footprint
No,
it is not true [at least 1 factor explained]
1.
Employment opportunities eg.
Hotels, transportation, tour agencies
2.
Growth in national income eg.
Restaurants, individuals who provide services to tourists
3.
Increase in foreign exchange
eg. Tourists from USA
4.
Infrastructure development eg.
Transport and communication networks
5.
Preservation of culture and
local customs eg. Heritage
6.
Conservation of natural
environments
OVERALL: MAY REDUCE THE GAP BETWEEN THE
LDCs AND DCs
L3/6: ONLY WHEN ANSWERS LINKED CLOSELY TO ANSWER THE QUESTION ON LDCs
|
6
“Tourist activities are certain to cause more
harm than good to the environment.” How far do you agree with this statement?
Use examples to support your answer.
[6]
Plausible
answers;
Agree that
tourist activities are certain to cause more harm than good to the environment.
Candidates can raise any positive and negative impacts of tourism on
environment.
Good:
Conservation of natural environment
•
Tourism provides funds to help
conserve environments such as coral reefs, rainforests and mountainous areas.
•
Revenue from entrance fees to national
parks and diving sites or even levies on nearby accommodations can be used to
help protect and conserve the environment.
•
For example Sepilok Orang-utan Rehabilitation
Centre in Sabah, Malaysia,
relies on visitor entry fees to pay its staff. The staff help rehabilitate
orang-utans that have been orphaned or injured.
•
In Kenya, Africa, the survival of animals in the country’s
nature reserves and national parks relies on funding received from
international tourists who want to see these animals in the wild. According to
estimates by Kenyan tourist authorities, a single lion can generate US$7,000 a
year in tourist revenue and a herd of elephants around US$600,000 a year. The money raised from wildlife tourism
becomes a way to continue to preserve the animals and their habitats.
Harm:
Increased congestion
•
Large numbers of tourists can cause
overcrowding in areas close to popular attractions.
•
Tourist shops and accommodations tend
to cluster near popular tourist attractions. Thus, these areas become even more
congested.
•
As a result, vehicular and pedestrian
traffic become more congested.
•
For
example, In Rome, Italy, many older walkways and narrow streets are
filled with tourists. The huge inflow of cars and buses contribute to traffic
congestion and air pollution.
Vandalism
•
Is the crime of deliberately damaging
property belonging to other people. Cultural, historical or natural sites may
be vandalised by individuals or developers.
•
For
example, the thousands of stones and bricks of
the Great Wall of China, which is visited by about 10 million tourists a year
are covered with graffiti.
Pollution and littering
•
Authorities sometimes fail to
implement measures that would properly manage waste left behind by tourists. It
can lead to degradation of such areas
•
For
example, tourists often dump plastic bottles, food
packaging and old batteries overboard from cruise ships. It can cause harbours,
marines and oceans to be polluted.
•
Many islands in the Caribbean have limited space on land to treat waste
from ships. As a result, solid and liquid wastes are sometimes dumped into the
Caribbean Sea by ships.
Destruction of habitats
•
Popular tourist sites, such as quiet
stretches of sandy beaches and scenic villages, can be overwhelmed with
visitors during busy time of the year.
•
Too many tourists visiting a
destination will cause habitats and wildlife to be destroyed.
•
Careless tourists may trample on
plants, while other may collect eggs and feathers of birds as souvenirs.
•
Tourists may also make too much noise
which can disturb and frighten off animals.
•
For Example,
•
Egypt’s Red Sea coast has developed into a major diving and
snorkelling destinations for around 1.2 million visitors annually.
•
Habitats of coral reefs and exotic
fish have been damaged because
Swimmers collect shells or corals as souvenirs and hotels and restaurants in
the area dump waste and sewage into the sea.
Increased carbon footprint
•
Carbon footprint refers to the amount
of greenhouse gas emissions that would be produced by activities that
involve the use of fossil fuels.
•
Carbon footprint is measured in
equivalent amounts in carbon dioxide.
•
For
example, the carbon footprint of a one-way
economy class flight from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, is 30kg of
carbon dioxide per passenger.
E) RESPONSIBILITIES
OF GROUPS
PRS
|
8
|
‘Tour
operators hold the greatest responsibility in protecting tourist areas.’ How
true is this statement? Give reasons for your answer.
[6]
|
Planning
Authorities- Drafting Laws and Policies
Planning authorities
-
Often successfully develop, approve,
fund and maintain infrastructure that help manage the impact of tourism in an
area
-
E.g.: Singapore Tourism Board (STB)
implemented programme to conserve the ethnic districts of SG such as building
the Chinatown Heritage Centre in Chinatown to create awareness of the culture
and history of Chinatown and preserving the signature shophouses and five-foot
wide covered passageways.
-
Ability to draft laws and policies that
help improve the quality of a tourist site. Eg. Limit the number of tourists to
an attraction with an entrance fee or regulate the type of commercial activity
in an area
-
Work with other govt agencies
-
However, the most well-planned and well-funded programme may
sometimes fail due to unforeseen factors such as extreme weather, natural
disasters or lack of interest from the public
-
Other stakeholders such as the local communities or
non-governmental organisations (NGOs) may oppose the management strategies and
the programmes and strategies would have little impact without the cooperation
from stakeholders.
|
P
|
Planning
authorities could draft a set of laws and policies that can help improve the
quality of a tourist site and ensure
sustainability in tourism.
|
|
E
|
- A set of well-defined and enforced laws and regulations will minimize
environmental pollution brought about by irresponsible tourist behavior.
- Implementing laws and policies that limit the number of tourists
entering an ecologically sensitive site could reduce environmental pollution
and destruction.
- Enforcing these rules and regulations can also prevent friction
between the locals and tourists as it deters tourists from behaving in a way
which is offensive to the local population as punishments would be meted out
should they fail to do so.
|
|
A+
|
-
For example, a
law of wildlife conservation protects the flora and fauna of Costa Rica.
Tourists are prohibited from taking plants and flowers to and are also
prohibited from feeding wild animals to prevent them from being dependent on
humans for food.
-
For example,
photographs of certain sections of the sacred landmark of Uluru (Ayers Rock)
are not allowed to be taken as a sign of respect to the aboriginal culture
and tradition.
-
|
|
A-
|
- However,
not all tourists conform to the guidelines as many feel the overuse of resources
is justifiable with payment. Tourists may
also feel self-important and show little respect for local cultures and
traditions, hence creating disharmony among the local society.
- Local
communities may oppose to management strategies as it may involve them
changing their way of life or may affect their livelihood.
-
For example, tourists visiting the National Parks in Uganda to
view mountain gorillas flouted rules not to get near to them and as a
consequence many gorillas succumbed to diseases spread by the tourists.
|
Local
Communities: Community-based Tourist
|
P
|
Local
communities can work with planning authorities or NGOs set up Community-based tourism which can help conserve
and educate tourists about their local cultures and practices and ensure
sustainability in tourism.
|
|
E
|
- Community-based tourism involves the development and
management of tourism that includes, consults and benefits
the local community, especially in the context of rural villages and
indigenous people.
- It is effective
as giving the locals control over tourist activities
will allow the local community to contribute their intimate knowledge of the local environment to tourism projects and help manage the negative impact of tourism.
-
Community based tourism makes locals a priority in business and
employment opportunities and as a result livelihoods of locals are
improved.
|
|
A+
|
For example, villagers of Candirejo in Indonesia set up a cooperative with support by the government to develop
homestay programmes and organic farm tours. Locals were consulted and trained
to produce handicrafts, provide catering and act as tour guides.
|
|
A-
|
However,
many community-based tourism projects have failed due to improper management,
poor accessibility and shortage of skilled labour. Poor local communities
also lack funds to invest in such ventures. A survey of 200 CBT projects in
Latin America reflected only 5% occupancy for most accommodations.
|
Tour
Operators: Promoting Ecotourism
Tour operators
-
Can provide feedback on the social and
environmental conditions of the tourist attractions. Their inputs are often
used by local communities and planning authorities to plan tourism management strategies
in a tourist attraction
-
Can regulate tourist behaviour as
tourists spend much of their time in a tourist attraction with tour guides.
They can prevent the tourists from littering, wandering into restricted areas
or making too much noise to prevent damage to a tourist site.
-
Incentive in maintaining the quality of
an attraction because the attraction is their source of income
-
Eg: Phuket Alternative Tours (PAT) was
set up by a team of tour operators in Phuket in 2006 who sign an Environmental
and Cultural Code of Practice to commit to operate in an environmentally
sustainable way, seek to enhance the natural environment and the way that the
industry uses it and create awareness about environmental conservation for
visitors to Phuket
-
However, tour operators are business
and need to be profitable to survive. The need to generate profits can
sometimes bring tour operators into conflict with other stakeholders. It may
also override concerns to preserve the environment when addressing these
concerns would reduce their profits.
|
P
|
Tour operators
can operate in a sustainable manner by promoting ecotourism to conserve and
protect environments visited by tourists.
|
|
E
|
- Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel to
relatively undisturbed natural areas that promotes conservation and improves
the well-being of locals.
- It is effective
as practicing ecotourism will allow tourists to
enjoy the experience of being in natural environments and this promotes the
idea of conservation.
- Tour guides who have extensive knowledge on the local ecosystem and
cultures also help regulate tourist behavior when visiting nature sites and
prevent misunderstandings between tourists and locals.
|
|
A+
|
-
For example, Sea-Canoe
eco-tourism Company which is based in Phuket promotes responsible travel to
natural areas by limiting tourist numbers to 64 per day in consideration of
the carrying capacity of the ecologically sensitive region.
-
The Company also promotes
conservation and is active in combating pollution problems through investing
in local clean-up projects and lobbying local officials to enforce
environmental laws.
|
|
A-
|
However,
tour operators driven by profits may fail to conduct tourist activities following ecotourism guidelines hence end up degrading the environment. Tour operators may also come into conflict with other
stakeholders due to their concerns about generating profits.
|
Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs):
Facilitating Communication and Supporting Stakeholders
|
P
|
NGOs act
as a support for various stakeholders to manage the impact of tourism and
hence and improve sustainability in tourism.
|
|
E
|
-
NGOs facilitates communication between various stakeholders to convince
them of the benefits if actions taken to manage various impact of tourism.
-
NGOs are also active in supporting various stakeholders in their
efforts to promote sustainable tourism. This support can be in the form of
manpower, knowledge and marketing campaigns.
|
|
A+
|
-
For example, The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) has
developed guidelines and online research papers that serve as a guide for
stakeholders who are interested to develop the ecotourism sector.
-
The society also organises workshops such as authentic Ecolodge
planning, design and operations to pass on practical knowledge and practices
to increase success of implementation.
|
|
A-
|
-
However, NGOs are funded entirely on public donations and many
are unable to sustain their activities due to lack of funding.
-
Also, NGOs may also get into conflicts with other stakeholders
due to differences in directions taken to develop tourism. For example, the
NGO “Rio in Peace” held a protest to criticise the lack of social
responsibility of organisers of the World Cup in
Brazil, where much of the income is leaked to external organisations and do
not benefit locals at all.
|
Visitors:
Being Socially Responsible and Provision of Funds
Visitors
-
Visitors spending such as entrance fees or the purchase of
souvenirs can provide funds to help to conserve environment, preserve culture
or maintain a tourist attraction.
-
Visitors spending can also provide locals with income from
employment like hotel staff, waitresses, tour guides and business like shop
owners
-
Can help to raise awareness about the conserving and preserving
the destination at home by sharing their experience via word-of-mouth
-
E.g.: The Tourism Sustainability Group set up by the European
Commission in 2004 encouraged tourists to select their holiday destinations
based on the conservation efforts of the place to minimise carbon footprint
while they are on holiday
-
However, the sheer number alone can sometimes damage an area
through collective footsteps, noise or touch, or vandalism and littering.
P
|
Visitors
have the social responsibility to respect both the environment and the local
population such to minimise impact brought about to a tourism destination.
|
|
E
|
-
Tourist receipts contribute to funds to help conserve the
environment, preserve culture and maintain a tourist attraction. It can also
help improve the lives of the locals by providing them with a source of
income. Certain forms of tourism, such as volunteer tourism can help to
improve infrastructure or social well-being of local residents.
-
Visitors can also raise awareness about the need to conserve and
preserve tourist destinations by sharing their experiences with others and
campaigning for sustainability in tourism.
|
|
A+
|
-
For example, more visitors have heeded the advice in the 2007
report by the Tourism Sustainability Group to choose their destinations based
on the conservation of the place and monitor and reduce their carbon
footprint when travelling.
-
There has also been a rise in volunteer tourism where positive
interactions are built, such as visitors helping out at the Mother Teresa’s
Home for the dying destitute.
|
|
A-
|
-
However, an influx of a huge number of visitors to a destination
may result in the dilution of local culture and customs as locals tend to
deliberately cater their cultures commercially.
-
Volunteer tourism is also short term and may not have a
pronounced effect on the host country since many visitors help only on a
short term basis.
|
TOPIC 4. CLIMATE
A) WEATHER ELEMENTS
TMS
|
1
|
Define the terms “weather” and “climate”.
[2]
|
|
|
Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions
of a place over a short period of time [1m]
while climate refers to the average atmospheric conditions of a place over a
long period of time of 30 years or more. [1m]
|
B) TEMPERATURE
|
* Study Fig. 6,
which shows the location and annual temperature of Dallas and San Diego.
|
|
|
Location and temperature of Dallas and San Diego
Fig. 6
|
|
|
(a)
|
Name the phenomenon that causes San Diego to have a more moderate
temperature than Dallas.
[1]
|
|
|
·
Maritime
influence/effect
|
|
|
|
|
(b)
|
Explain how the phenomenon stated in (a)(i) resulted in a cooler summer in San Diego than Dallas.
[3]
|
|
|
·
San Diego is a
coastal region,
·
During summer
the air over the sea is cooler than the air over the land as land heats up
more quickly than the sea.
·
The cooler air
over the sea helps lower the temperature of coastal areas hence San Diego
experiences cooler temperature than Dallas in summer.
|
TMS
|
2
|
How would the daily temperature
range of a coastal area be different from that of an inland area? Account for this difference.
|
[5]
|
|
|
· Daily
temperature range of coastal area will be smaller than that of an inland area
[1m]
|
|
|
|
· Water
has a higher heat capacity than land [1m]
|
|
|
|
· During
the day, the land heats up faster than the sea. This results a higher
pressure over the sea and lower pressure over the land, generating sea
breeze. [1m]
|
|
|
|
· At
night, the sea cools down slower than the sea. This results in higher
pressure over the land and lower pressure over the sea, generating land
breeze. [1m]
|
|
|
|
· Sea
breeze helps to lower the temperature of coastal areas in the day. At night,
land breeze helps to increase the temperature of coastal areas. [1m]
|
|
PRS
|
3
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‘Areas along the same latitude experience
similar temperatures.’ How far do you
agree with the statement? Support your answer using evidence.
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[6]
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This question is on how temperatures
are affected by latitude and other factors such as altitude, cloud cover and
distance from sea. Clear examples and reference to specific examples are
required.
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Similar temperature due to:
1)
Latitude
·
same latitude = same angle of incidence from
the sun’s rays
·
same amt of concentration of sunlight from the
sun
·
E.g. SG and Msia : similar temp
Different temperature due to:
1)
Altitude
·
Vertical distance from the sea level
·
Higher altitude = lower temp because
·
Earth’s surface is heated by sun’s rays
·
Heat emit into atmosphere via longwave
radiation
·
Higher altitude = further away from earth’s
surface = less longwave radiation absorbed = less heat = lower temp than lower
altitude
·
In addition, Higher altitude – air is less
dense: absorb less heat
·
E.g. Cameron Highlands is higher altitude,
lower temp than Kuala Lampur in Msia/ Mt Batur in Bali is higher altitude,
lower temp than Kuta in Bali
2)
Distance from the sea
·
Sea heats up and cools down slower than land
·
Coastal areas: maritime effect – air over sea
is warmer than inland during. Therefore, warmer winter and air over sea is
cooler than inland during summer. Therefore, cooler summer
·
Inland: continental effect – warmer summer and
cooler winter
·
E.g. Anchorage is coastal area, Fairbanks is
inland
·
Anchorage experience maritime effect and would
not have same temperature as Fairbanks even though they are of the same
latitude.
Conclusion:
Areas of the same latitude might have similar
temperature but may not be true for all regions as there are other factors that
affect temperature, such as altitude and distance from the sea.
C) RAIN
TMS
4
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With the aid of a well-labelled
diagram, account for the formation of relief rain. [5]
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D) RELATIVE HUMIDITY
AH
5 Study
Fig. 1, which shows the relationship between relative humidity and air
temperature.
Fig. 1
With reference to Figure 1, describe and explain the relationship between relative humidity and air temperature. [4]
Describe [2m]
With reference to Figure 1, describe and explain the relationship between relative humidity and air temperature. [4]
Describe [2m]
- As
temperature increases, the relative humidity within a parcel of air reduces/As
the temperature decreases, the relative humidity within a parcel of air
increases.
OR there is an inverse relationship between temperature and
relative humidity
-
For every 10 deg increase in temperature,
relative humidity decreases by roughly 50%
Explain [2m]
- Warm air has the ability to hold more water
vapour
- Hence
as the parcel of air increases in temperature while the amount of absolute
water vapour remains the same, there is an overall decrease in the relative
humidity/percentage of air saturated by water vapour
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(a)(ii)
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Name an instrument used to obtain
the readings for rainfall and explain where the instrument should be placed
in order to get accurate measurements of the daily rainfall. [3]
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*
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Study Fig. 1, which shows an
instrument and its accompanying table used by the students to measure the
relative humidity of the school on a particular day.
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Fig. 1
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With reference to Fig. 1, identify
the instrument used by the students and state the relative humidity recorded
for that day. Explain how the students
obtain this information, using evidence from Fig.1. [5]
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·
Instrument used: wet and
dry bulb thermometer (compulsory)
·
Relative humidity recorded: 61% (compulsory)
·
Read/record the dry bulb temperature, which is 33° C
·
Read/record the wet bulb temperature, which is 27° C
·
Find the wet bulb depression is 6° C
[5 @ 1 mark]
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Ei) LAND AND SEA BREEZE
7
Study Fig 3 which shows a labelled diagram of
how sea breeze is formed during the day. Draw a similar well-labelled diagram
below to show how land breezes are formed at night. [4]
A) INTERNAL
STRUCTURE
ESS
1 Explain how convection currents/slab-pull
action cause the movement of plates.
[5]
·
Heat from core heats mantle [1]
·
Convection current is generated [1] as
·
Mantle expands, rises and spreads beneath
crust [1]
·
As mantle spreads, it drags plates crust apart
[1]
·
The subducted plate gets pull along and melts
in the mantle
·
Magma cools and sinks, process repeats [1]
SCG
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2
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Study
Fig. 1 which shows two oceanic plates in the Atlantic Ocean.
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Fig.
1
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Identify if the age of the rocks at zone A is
younger or older than that found in zone B and explain why this is so.
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[5]
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·
A – older
rocks
·
B –
younger rock
·
when two
oceanic plates
·
move away
from each other / diverge
·
it causes
a weakness (cracks) in the crust.
·
This
makes it possible for magma to come to the surface from below.
·
As it
cools down,
·
this lava
creates new crust at the plate boundary.
·
The
constant flow of magma causes new crust to form continuously (at B) and the
old crust to be pushed further and further away from the pate boundary (A).
·
This is
known as seafloor spreading.
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B) TYPES OF
PLATE MOVEMENTS AND LANDFORMS
PASIR RIS SEC
SCH PRELIMS
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3
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Refer to Figure 2 that shows the tectonic
plates of the earth.
Fig. 2 : Tectonic Plates
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With reference to Figure 2, describe the
tectonic plate movements and explain why they move.
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[5]
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Describe
plate movements
·
Divergent movements – pull away
·
Convergent movements – push towards
·
Transform movements – slide past
Explain why they move
[must have key
words – in bold -in explanation]
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BEDOK NORTH
SECONDARY SCHOOL PRELIM
4 (a) Describe
the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes in the world in Fig 3. [4]
Distribution
of volcanoes (Maximum 2 marks)
— Both
volcanoes and earthquakes are found at the Pacific Ring of Fire.
— The
belt stretches from New Zealand, through south-west pacific, Indonesia,
Philippines to Japan.
— It
continues into Alaska in North America and runs down the Cascade Range on the
west coast of North America to Central America and to the Andes Mountains on
the west coast of South America.
— Is
found along the boundaries of several converging plates such as Nazca Plate,
Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate.
— Are
found at diverging plate boundaries such as East Africa and Mid-Atlantic Ocean.
Distribution
of earthquakes (Maximum 2 marks)
·
Occurs more frequently at convergent plate
boundaries.
·
The belt stretches from the Mediterranean Sea
to the Himalayan Mountains, which is a zone of collision.
·
(b) Using the map and the cross-section to help
you describe the location and main features of the East African Rift Valley. [3]
·
East African Rift Valley occurs mostly at the South-eastern part of the African (Nubian)
Plate.
·
There are 3
vertical fault lines, forming a depression
in the African (Nubian Plate)
·
In Fig 9B, it also shows that erosion has taken place through the
rift.
(c)
Account for the formation of the East African Rift Valley. [3]
— Formed
at the divergent plate boundaries.
— Plates
are pulled apart and this results in
faulting. Faulting is when tensional forces from these movements result in
parts of the crust being fractured.
— When
section of the crust extends along fault lines, the central block of the land subsides between 2 parallel faults, a
steep-sided rift valley is formed.
ANGLICIAN HIGH
SCHOOL PRELIMS
5 Study Fig.4, which shows volcanic
activity in 2007.
Fig. 4
Outline why there are volcanoes at plate boundary
Y. [4]
1 mark for
each of the following points:
·
Oceanic-continental
convergence between the Nazca Plate (oceanic) and the South American plate
(continental)
·
When the oceanic plate converges with the
continental plate, the denser oceanic Nazca plate subducts beneath the less
dense continental South American plate.
·
**not necessary (An oceanic trench is formed
at the point fo subduction and fold mountains form on the continental plate.)
·
At the subduction zone, solid mantle
material melts and forms magma.
·
The magma rises through the crust, giving
rise to volcanoes and volcanic eruptions.
Bi) DIVERGENT
PLATE
SCGS PRELIMS
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6
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Study Fig. 5 which shows a landform produced by tectonic activity.
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(a)
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Identify
Landform A and describe its appearance.
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[2]
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·
Feature A – Rift Valley (compulsory)
·
Long/elongated/Linear
·
Deep
·
Stepped scarps at the valley sides
·
Presence of fault lines
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(b)
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With the
aid of well-labelled diagrams, explain how Landform A and its associated
tectonic landform/feature are formed.
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[7]
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Diagrams
·
Rift
valley, title
·
Tensional
force
·
Normal
faults
·
Volcano
·
Magma
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Explanation
·
2
continental plates move apart
·
Tensional
forces result in parts of the crust to be fractured/normal faults to form
·
cause the
central block of land between 2 parallel faults to sink to form a rift valley
·
when land
is displaced between a series of parallel faults
·
magma
from below the earth’s crust rises
·
magma
contains dissolved gases, subject to great pressure
·
as it
moves upwards, pressure on it is greatly reduced
·
this
allows dissolved gases to expand & eject hot volcanic material through
the vent
·
accumulation
of material from repeated eruptions builds up a volcano
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BSS
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7
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Study Fig. 6, which shows the
movement of the earth’s plates. [4]
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Using Fig. 6, explain how it can
lead to the formation of a mid-oceanic ridge.
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-
Convection
currents in the mantle cause 2 oceanic plates (a) diverge (b)
-
Result:
fractures/ faults formed at plate boundaries
-
Magma
rise at the zone of divergence to fill the gap between the plates as they
move apart
-
New
sea floor is formed when magma cools and solidifies(a) = process known as
sea-floor spreading (b) = forms mid-oceanic ridge
Bii) CONVERGENT PLATE
WSS
SCG
9 Explain how the plate movement taking
place at a continental-oceanic plate boundary
may produce fold mountains. [4]
·
Fold mountains result from the bending & folding of the crust
as plates collide into each other. When an oceanic plate converges with a
continental plate
·
The denser oceanic plate subducts
under the less dense continental plate
·
Some of the sea floor sediments was
compressed and deformed
·
Some were scraped off the subducting
oceanic plate and
·
piled together with the sediment at
the edge of the continental plate
·
As the continental plate rode over
the oceanic plate,
·
the thick layers of the sediment on
the ocean floor and on the continental edge were squeezed/buckled and
crumpled and
·
uplifted into the fold mountains
EV
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10
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With the aid of a well-labelled
diagram, account for the formation of the Mariana Islands and the Mariana
Trench.
Diagram
(1m).
(magma cooling and sinking, oceanic crusts converge -1m)
(one crust subducting under another, oceanic trench, volcanic
island )
Explanation
(4m)
As the magma cools and sinks, the Pacific plate and the
Philippines plate are pulled together/converge [1m]
The denser Pacific plate subducts under the Philippines plate, a
deep oceanic trench (Mariana Trench) is formed at the point of subduction
[1m]
Magma may rise through the fractures
in the crust to form undersea volcanoes which may eventually rise above the
sea to form a chain of volcanic islands (Mariana Islands) [1m]
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[5]
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Ci) VOLCANO
FORMATION
SFS
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11 Study Fig. 7, which shows information
about the location of volcanoes in relation to constructive and destructive
plate boundaries.
Fig. 7
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(a)
Using Fig. 7, explain how
volcanoes are formed at constructive plate boundaries.
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[4]
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·
plates diverge/ plates move apart
·
gap/line of weakness
created
·
magma emerges through gap
·
lava solidifies to form
volcanoes
1m each
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(b) Using Fig. 7, explain how plate
movement results in volcanoes being formed at destructive plate boundaries.
·
plates converge/ plates move apart
·
subduction of one plate
(oceanic);
·
greater density of
oceanic plate;
·
friction/heating;
·
destruction of oceanic
plate/turns to magma/melts;
·
build up of
magma/pressure;
·
magma rises through lines
of weakness;
·
lava solidifies to create
volcano
1m
each
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[4]
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Cii) VOLCANO
STRUCTURE
EV
12 Figure 8 below shows parts of a volcano.
Label the parts of the volcano in the boxes provided. [4]
Fig.
8
A.
Ash and gas cloud
B.
Vent
C.
Magma chamber
D.
Secondary Cone
BWS
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13
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 Study Fig. 9, which shows a
cross-section of a stratovolcano.
Compare between a stratovolcano and
a shield volcano in terms of their shapes and the viscosity of lava. [4]
Shape
[max 3 m]:
-
stratovolcanoes
is taller, while shield volcanoes are shorter
-
stratovolcanoes
has smaller bases, while shield volcanoes has larger bases
-
stratovolcanoes
has bigger craters( or even calderas), while shield volcanoes has smaller
craters
Viscosity
[min 1m]:
-
stratovolcanoes
has lava with high viscosity, while shield volcanoes has low with high
viscosity
stratovolcanoes
has lava with high silica = more sticky and resistance to flow, while shield
volcanoes has low with high silica =
less resistance
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Ciiii) VOLCANO
ERUPTIONS
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(b)
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Study
Fig.12, which shows a map of farmlands located near volcanic area.
Describe
and account for the distribution of the farmlands.
Fig. 12
Map of a volcanic area
Most
settlements are located within 10km from the crater of the Mt. Naka Volcano. [1] Only a small area is located within 10km
to 15km east from of the crater. [1]
Due
to the lava and ash from volcanic eruption, the soil is very fertile at the
volcanic area. [1] The volcanic soils are very favourable to agriculture. [1]
Hence, most of the farmlands are near the crater of the volcano where the
land is covered with lava and ash to support the cultivation of crops. [1]
Cv) VOLCANO
BENEFITS AND RISKS
BNSS
16 “There
are more risks than benefits staying in volcanic areas.” To what extent do
you agree with this statement? Support your answer with examples. [6]
Risks of staying in volcanic areas
Destruction
by volcanic materialsVolcanic eruptions produce volcanic
materials.
·
Volcanic materials include lava and rock fragments or volcanic
bombs.
·
Volcanic materials can damage property.
·
Lava with high temperature of between 500oC and 1,400oC
burns the area it flows through.
·
Low-silica lava moves faster and flow over long distances,
causing more damage to larger areas.
·
Pyroclastic flow (hot rock fragments ranging from ash to
boulders) can destroy everything. When it moves 80km/h.
·
Inhaling hot ash and gases can result in serious injury or
death.
·
Volcanic bombs of heated rocks can cause damage to property.
On-going eruption of Kilauea in Hawaii since 1983 has destroyed many homes
and highways.
Landslides
·
Occurs due to the structural
collapse of a volcanic cone during volcanic eruption.
·
Landslides will obstruct the flow of
rivers causing floods, blocked roads and buried villages and farmlands.
·
In 1985, the eruption of Nevado del
Ruiz in the Andes mountains of South America released pyroclastic flow.
·
Pyroclastic flow and glacial ice
along the path cause lahars to be triggered.
·
Lahars are wet volcanic debris on
the side of a volcano.
·
Lahars engulfed the town of Armero
and killed more than 20,000 people.
Benefits of staying in volcanic
areas
Fertile
volcanic soil
·
Example: volcanic soil of Java and
Bali in Indonesia support the cultivation of crops such as tea, coffee and
rice.
·
With the fertile volcanic soil,
these 2 islands can support large rural population.
Precious
stones and minerals, building materials
·
Volcanic rocks can be rich in
precious stones and minerals.
·
When upper layers of volcanic rocks
are eroded, the precious stone and minerals can be extracted.
o Example:
Diamond. Diamond are heated and pressurised carbon that are cooled in magma
pipes beneath the earth’s surface.
o Diamonds
are used to make jewellery and are useful as industrial tools.
o Old
volcanic rocks at Kimberly in South Africa are one of the world’s richest
sources of diamonds.
·
Volcanic rocks are also good
resources for building materials and production of other daily items.
o Example:
In East Java, Indonesia, workers collect sulphur from active volcanoes.
Sulphur is used to make matches and fertilisers and refine sugar.
D) TSUNAMIS
ADSS
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[5]
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17
(a)
|
Study Fig.13, which shows the spread
of the tsunami waves in the Indian Ocean.
Fig. 13
Tsunami in the
Indian Ocean
Describe
the formation of tsunami.
[4]
·
The tsunami is formed by the
movement of the sea floor during a large earthquake at the subduction zone.
[1]
·
The offshore earthquake forces out a
mass of sea water. [1]
·
On reaching shallower water, greater
friction slows the waves and forces the waves to increase in height. [1]
·
At the point of impact on the coast,
the tsunami waves could reach heights of 15m. [1]
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(b)
|
Explain
why the impact of the tsunami on Singapore was minimal. [4]
·
Singapore is protected to a
significant degree [1] by the southern end of Malaysia Peninsula [1] and the
island of Sumatra to the west [1].
·
The energy of waves travelling
southwards would have been absorbed by the coastlines of those land masses.
[1]
E) EARTHQUAKES
Ei) FACTORS
AFFECTING SEVERITY OF EARTHQUAKES
EVP
BNS
20 Describe
the likely effects of the earthquake on the people and the landscape in the
area. [5]
·
The tremors would result in the
destruction of the infrastructure of the area such as dam and roads.
·
Due to the high population density
of the city, the extent of damage may be devastating as it will cause many
lives to be lost.
·
There could also be loss of lives
due to landslides from the nearby mountain.
·
Due to the tremors, the gas pipes
may be damaged and thus there might be a likelihood of fire.
·
Electricity cables may be also
damaged and thus communication services such as television broadcasts and
telephone lines may also be affected.
·
Destruction of homes/ settlements as
the large city is very near the fault lines.
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