409 Geography: Answer to Other school's papers 2015

Henderson 4N MYE 2015

			AO 1+2	AO 1+3
1		A group of Students at WXY school decided to study the temperature and humidity level at a local nature reserve. They took measurements inside the forest and at a location about 1 km outside the forest. Table 1 shows the results of the students’ fieldwork.
	a)	With reference to Table 1, which time of the day was the temperature the highest inside and outside the forest? 2PM (1)		[1]
	b)	With reference to Table 1, calculate the mean (average) temperature in the forest. (Sum of all temperature / 6) ~ 25.2^oC (1)		[1]
	c)	State the instruments the students would use to obtain the temperature and humidity level readings. Six’s Thermometer (1) for temperature Sling Psychrometer / Psychrometer (1) for Humidity Level Accept other plausible answers	[2]
	d)	Suggest a possible hypothesis the students could be testing for their field work and explain how far the readings in Table 1 supports the hypothesis. [3] A possible hypothesis could be “The temperature in a forested area is lower than a non-forested area.”(1) The readings in Table 1 support the hypothesis as the temperature readings in the forest are all lower than outside the forest. (1) For example, at 8 am inside the forest registered 24^oC whereas at the same time, outside the forest registered 26^oC. (1) Accept other plausible answers
	e)	Figure 1 below shows the temperatures in the forest and 1km outside the forest. Using the data from Table 1, complete the line graph in Figure 1 to show the temperatures obtained (the first two values have been plotted for you).
	f)	What are some considerations to ensure that the temperature readings obtained are as accurate as possible? - Ensure that the readings for each location are taken at the same timing (1). - Ensure that at least 3 readings are done each time (1). - Ensure that when taking the temperature, the finger/hand is not holding the blub of the thermometer. (1) - Ensure that the equipment is in good working order. (1) - Ensure instruments are not positioned near the body. (1) *accept other plausible answers.	[4]
		TOTAL:	6	7

Clementi Town Sec 4N MYE 2015

A group of students was interested in measuring and recording the amount of rainfall and the direction of the wind at the school which was located about 4km away from the sea. They wanted to find out whether the wind from the sea affects the amount of rainfall collected.

They agreed on the following hypothesis:

Hypothesis: When the wind blows from the east, the rainfall will be greater.

(a)

(i)

List the weather equipment needed for the students to carry out their investigation.

AO1+AO3

Rain gauge
Wind Vane
Wind Sock

(ii)

Explain how to use a rain gauge.

AO1+AO2

Position the rain gauge in an open area
Sink it into the ground with about 30cm protruding above ground.
Pour the collected water in the rain gauge into a measuring cylinder.

(b)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

The students decided to take the readings daily at 8.00am for seven days and the results of their investigation is shown in Table 1b.

Day	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Rainfall (mm)	2	4	7	2	0	0	3
Wind Direction	N	NE	E	E	W	W	NE

Table 1b

What are some possible problems the students may face if they decided to take the readings daily at 8.00am? Explain your answer.

AO1+AO3

The students may not be able to collect the data on the 6^th and 7^th day as it falls over the weekend.
May not be able to take the readings at 8am daily due to other events
Students forgetting to take it at the specific time.

Use information from Table 1b, complete the wind rose graph, as shown in Fig. 1c below, by drawing the squares for wind direction from the East.

AO1+AO3

Comment on the accuracy of the data collected and one way to improve it.

AO1+AO3

It might not be accurate as more measurements taken will be more accurate and reliable
Collect over longer period, for a month or two months.

(c)

Hypothesis: When the wind blows from the east, the rainfall will be greater.

Do you agree with the students’ hypothesis? Use information from Table 1b to explain your answer.

AO1+AO3

Yes, I agree.
When the wind blew from East, the rainfall collected is higher at 7mm and 2mm.
When the wind blew from the West, it is 0mm recorded. Thus, I agree with the students’ hypothesis.
However, there were also rainfall collected when the wind blew from NE.

Fuchun Sec 4N MYE 2015

Bukit Batok Sec 4N Prelim 2015

A geography student was studying local weather conditions. He decided to do an investigation of three weather elements: air pressure, wind speed and direction at his school. Fig. 1 shows one of the weather instruments that the student brought for this investigation.

Moveable hand

Measuring hand

Fig. 1

(a)

(i)

Identify any 2 instruments that the student would use to conduct this investigation.

· Barometer

· Anemometer

· Wind vane

Any 2 @ 1m. Any 1 wrong, award 0m

[1]

(ii)

Describe how the instrument in Fig. 1 could be used to measure air pressure.

· Place the measuring hand at the current pressure

· Align the moveable hand with the measuring hand

· When the measuring hand moves to the left, air pressure decreases. When it moves to the right, air pressure increases.

Any 1@1m.

[3]

(b)

The student recorded the results of his measurement, which is shown in Fig. 2 below.

Date	Time measurements taken	Air pressure (mb)	Wind Speed (mph)	Wind Direction
Monday 11^th	9am	1013	10.0	South
Tuesday 12^th	1pm	1020	8.5	Northwest
Wednesday 13^th	2pm	1011	10.0	Northeast
Thursday 14^th	4pm	1035	7.8	North
Friday 15^th	9am	1009	11.2	Southwest
Saturday 16^th	10am	1010	9.8	Southwest
Sunday 17th	3pm	1022	0	No wind

Fig. 2

The student came up with the hypothesis: “ The greater the air pressure, the greater the wind speed.” How far do the measurements in Fig. 2 support this hypothesis?

P: Fig. 3 does not support the hypothesis

Eg. At 1011mb, wind speed is at 9.8mph. When air pressure increases to 1022mb, wind speed / becomes lower at decreases to 0mph.

Anomaly: At 1010mb, wind speed is at 9.8mph. When air pressure increases to 1011mb, wind speed increased to 10mph.

[3]

(c)	Complete the wind rose in Fig. 3 to show the wind direction from the school.	[2]
	Fig. 3 · Accurate plotting of wind rose · Reserve 1m to award number of days without wind
(d)	Explain the precautions that student would take in order to ensure that the measurements in Fig. 2 are as accurate as possible. Barometer · Ensure that barometer is placed indoors/ on a wall · This is so to prevent sunlight from affecting the readings of the barometer Anemometer and wind vane · Stand at an elevated area that is free from obstructions · This is so that no buildings or structure block the flow of wind OR · Ensure that fieldwork equipment is in working condition · Take several readings per site and take the average to increase accuracy. Any 1 @ 1m	[3]
(e)	Suggest another hypothesis on wind direction and wind speed that could be investigated. · Wind speed increases as the wind moves from the southern direction. Accept any plausible answer, as long as hypothesis denotes a relationship between two variables.	[1]
	[Total: 13 marks]

CHIJ 4N Prelim 2015

1. A group of students investigated the microclimate around a beach resort in their local community. This was to find out if there were any variations in the weather at the five sites they identified. Fig. 1 is a map of the beach resort and its surrounding area. It also shows the location of the five sites surveyed.

(a) Study Fig. 2 which shows the results of the microclimate survey. It shows the average daytime temperature and rainfall readings for the week at each of the five sites.

Site	Temperature (°C)	Rainfall (mm)
1 (carpark)	36	16
2 (sandy beach)	31	11
3 (buildings)	33	15
4 (forested area)	33	13
5 (Lake)	32	15
Average of all the sites for the week	………….	14

Fig. 2

The temperature at the five sites was measured, using a hand-held digital thermometer. The instruction from the teacher on how this thermometer is used is shown in Fig. 3, below:

Fig. 3

(i) State one advantage of using a digital thermometer over a maximum-minimum thermometer; and three disadvantages of the method described in Fig.3. [4]

Advantages: Quick/instant reading [1] and/or accurate to the decimal point [1]

Disadvantages:

· Unsure if the location is the same for the three days for each reading.

· Height at waist will vary between people

· Student error in timing (08:00 and 15:00)

(ii) Suggest why the temperatures were taken every morning and afternoon. [1]

· The timings will give a better range of temperature during the day.

Or It will be more accurate. [1]

(iii) Calculate the average temperature for the five sites and complete Fig. 2. [1]

· 33 degrees Celsius

(b) One student wanted to test the hypothesis that the temperature at Site 1 would be very different from the other sites. Using Fig. 1 and 2, explain the reason for the hypothesis and if the readings support it. [4]

· State if hypothesis is accepted: Yes it would be different: Temperature is highest at 36 deg Celsius compared to the other sites (3-5 deg difference) [1]

Explanation of hypothesis max of 2m:

· Because the granite material of the carpark absorbs most heat from the sun and the carpark is not shaded at all. [1]

· as compared to sites like the lake and forested area which has the cooling effect of the natural elements of water source and natural vegetation (respectively) [1]

· The beach may experience the cooling effect of the sea breeze (day). [1]

(c) If you were to explain the temperature and rainfall readings found at the beach resort, what other weather information would you need? Explain how this information would help you. [3]

· Wind speed: The higher the speed, the lower the temperature at the open air sites.

· Wind direction: this could explain if the wind will blow over the carpark area and lower the temperature at site 1.

· RH – to see if the natural vegetation will affect the amount of water in the air and hence bring in more rainfall in the forested area (site 3)

Si Ling Sec 4N MYE 2015

A group of students from Si Ling Secondary School carried out a Geography fieldwork at Admiralty Park to investigate if there were any variations in the temperatures of different locations. Their hypothesis is:

Temperature of a place decreases with greater proximity to a water body.

Fig. 1 shows the map of the area showing the locations of three sites (1, 2, and 3) surveyed.

The students recorded the temperatures at 10am for two consecutive days. Fig. 2 shows the temperature data collected at the three sites.

Site	Day 1 Temperature (°C)	Day 2 Temperature (°C)
1	24	30
2	26	31
3	28	32

Fig. 2

Plot a comparative bar graph to show the differences in temperatures at each of the three sites in the two days.

Refer to graph attached.

comparative bar graph (all the points are correctly plotted; legend to show different sites)
x-axis = day
y-axis = temperature

[3]

State whether the graph plotted in (i) has proven the hypothesis valid, citing evidence from it.

Yes, this is because the temperature of Site 1, which is closest to the waterbody, has the lowest temperature (average of 27°C) recorded out of the three sites on both days.

[Accept any plausible answer, depending on what the student has written for (i).]

[1]

iii

The students placed the thermometers used in measuring the temperatures in an instrument shelter that is raised one metre above the ground.

Name this instrument shelter and justify their decision.

Stevenson Screen.
In order to ensure accuracy of the temperatures,
the Stevenson Screen shields the thermometer against precipitation and direct heat radiation from outside sources.

[3]

Explain why it is best to take the readings at the same time every day.

· Temperature changes throughout the day.

· Taking the readings at the same time every day will reduce anomalies

· arising due to inconsistencies in data collection

· This allows for easy comparison of data

· and to ensure reliability of results

Award 1m for each point. Max 3m.

[3]

In one of the post-fieldwork discussions, a student suggested to also collect the rainfall data for the three sites. Explain why none of the locations (1, 2 or 3) is the most suitable to collect the rainfall data.

Records should be kept from vegetation cover like in Site 2, which may affect readings.

This is because the interception of rain by the trees should be noted.
Exposure to strong wind at the coast, like in Site 1, can cause inaccuracies in rainfall collected.
Rain splash with the ground of Site 1 or 3 may be affected by rain splash, therefore over estimating rainfall.
Rain gauges raised above ground level of Site 1 or 3 may be toppled over by wind / animals / humans.

Accept any plausible answer; Award 1m for each point. Max 3m.

[3]

Hua Yi 4N MYE 2015

A group of students wanted to investigate the reasons for tourism growth in Singapore. They decided to survey some visitors at the Singapore Zoological Gardens (zoo). They designed a questionnaire for the visitors to the zoo as shown in Fig. 1. The students interviewed 100 students.

Results of the Questionnaire for Visitors at Singapore Zoological Gardens

1. Which country are you from?

Singapore	Malaysia	Indonesia	The Philippines	Thailand	Others
25	20	18	15	13	9

2. What is your age group?

0-10	11-20	21-30	31-40	41-50	51-60	61-70	70+
0	4	7	22	28	30	6	3

3. How many days do you plan to stay in Singapore?

1-2 days	3-4 days	5-6 days	7 days or more
48	24	20	8

4. What is the reason for your visit?

Wildlife lover	Part of tour package	Place of attraction	For kids	Other reasons
5	65	12	16	2

Fig. 1

(a)

Which was the most popular length of stay?

1-2 Days

[1]

(b)

(i)

State the advantages and disadvantages of using questionnaires such as the one in Fig. 1.

Advantages (max 2)

· Makes it easier for the person being interviewed

· Directs the person to a definite choice

· Ease of analysis of responses

Disadvantages (max 2)

· Responses lack detail/ not specific enough

· Respondents might not understand the questions

each @ 1mark each

[3]

(ii)

Identify a sampling method the students might use to select people for the questionnaire and explain the advantages of this method.

Method: Random/ Systematic/Stratified Sampling [1]

Advantages :

· Need to select appropriate age groups because of ease of analysis

· Format of questionnaire is easy and clear to understand

· Avoiding biasedness as it gives each member of the population a fair chance of selection..

each @ 1mark each

[4]

(c)

Draw a graph to show the age group of visitors using the information collected.

What is your age group?

0-10	11-20	21-30	31-40	41-50	51-60	61-70	70+
0	4	7	22	28	30	6	3

Age Group of Visitors

1m – labelling of x-axis and y-axis

1m – title of graph

2m – representing of data on bar/line graph/pie charts

[4]

(d)

Suggest how the data from question 4 of the questionnaire can be used to encourage the people to visit Singapore.

· More advertising could be done online on important tourism websites or Singapore websites

· More promotions when they book tours/hotels/flights online as many tourists visit the zoo as part of their itinerary

[2]

Hougang Sec 4N MYE 2015

1	A group of students from Singapore investigated the impact of tourism on Ha Long Bay, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a popular travel destination in Quảng Ninh Province, Vietnam. Ha Long Bay is known for its 1,600 beautiful limestone islands scattered throughout the shallow waters. Their hypothesis is shown below:

	Hypothesis: ‘Tourists visiting Ha Long Bay leave a negative impact on the fishing settlements.’
	Online information about tourism impacts on Halong Bay.
	With an increasing tourist trade, mangroves and seagrass beds have had to be cleared and jetties and wharves have been built for tourist boats. The locals harvest crabs, shells, shellfish and coral to sell to tourists, typically approaching tourist boats in their boats and ‘hawking’ their products. They often act as tourist guides, hiring their small boats to tourists from larger vessels, providing access to places such as grottoes (caves) in the islands, accessible only through small portals. Fuel and oil, along with tourist litter, have created pollution problems, which impact on both the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem of the islands. Human waste from portable toilets erected for tourists, finds its way into the soil and water surrounding the islands, altering the ecosystem functioning by increasing nutrient flow.
	Adapted from: http://hsc.csu.edu.au/geography/ecosystems/case_studies/2475/halong_bay.html Fig. 1

	Photograph taken by a student at Ha Long Bay

	Fig. 2

(a)	Students who went on the fieldtrip collected the data shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Identify how these two sets of data are categorised and provide an example of each type.
	· Fig. 1 is categorised as secondary data [1] · An example is books / newspapers [1] · Fig. 2 is categorised as primary data [1] · An example is questionnaire / interview / bipolar survey / sketches [1]


(b)	Using the information from Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, explain two possible impacts tourism can cause to the fishing settlement.
	Positive impacts
	· Fishing settlement may benefit from selling their harvest of crabs and shellfish to tourists, increasing their income [1] · Fishermen with their row boats may become tour guides and benefit from the increased income earned from tourists. [1] Negative Impacts · Fuel, oil and tourist litter pollutes the water and may cause a decrease in their income from lowered fish yields [1] (any 2 impacts explained, accept only impacts which relate back to fishermen or fishing environment)
(c)	The students designed a questionnaire for the locals to assess the impact of the tourists. Fig. 4 shows two of the questions in the questionnaire.
	Q1 Has the increase in tourists changed your family’s income? Yes / No (circle) If your answer to Q1 is ‘Yes’, please elaborate on what has changed for you. Q2. Has your way of life changed compared to 10 years ago? Yes / No (circle) If your answer to Qn 2 is ‘Yes’, please elaborate on what has changed for you.
	Fig. 4

(i)	Explain why the above are important questions for the investigation.
	Financial gain · Q1 shows whether the family income has been impacted by tourism and is important because it determines whether the locals have gained financially and if their family has a better standard of living as a result. [1] · If the people’s financial status has improved, it may show that there is jobs generated from tourism at Ha Long Bay. [1] · If tourists numbers has caused people to earn lesser than before, then the jobs generated is unable to sustain them, and in addition the environment may have been too polluted by tourist activities for them to continue their way of life in aquaculture. [1] Way of life · Q2 shows whether the change in the way of life has changed and is important because it determines if the traditions of the locals at the fishing settlement has been affected by the influx of tourists. [1] · The traditional practices may have been changed to accommodate the itinerary of the tourists. [1] (Reserve 1mark for each category)


(ii)	Comment on the difficulty of using interview questionnaire method for this data collection.
	· Language barrier. Interview questionnaire method may not be reliable as the students would need to be able to understand Vietnamese language or they would need a translator who understands the language otherwise some meaning may be lost as a result in the translation. [1] · Unwillingness of locals. The locals may be unwilling to speak to students for various reasons, e.g. locals may view that time spent on questionnaire will reduce their time in working as guides, thus reducing their earnings from tourists. [1]
	(any 1 point)


(d)	Describe another method of data collection, which could evaluate the impact of tourism on the environment of Ha Long Bay.

	· Bipolar survey which provides the positive and negative perceptions of the impact of tourism on environment. [1] · Visual surveys at various sites, e.g. amount of litter at coast or in waters will allow for assessment of impact of tourism on environment. [1]

Bukit Merah Sec 4N MYE 2015

Section A [13m]

a) Based on the data collected for question 1 in Fig. 1,

i) Where do most tourists originate from? How would you classify them? [2]

England [1]
Domestic tourists [1]

ii) Some of the students wanted to represent the information gathered on the tourists’

countries of origin by using a desire line map.

What are two disadvantages of using this method to represent information on the movement of people? [2]

Does not show changes in flows over time
Does not show actual route
Not suitable for large-scale maps
Too many lines at the destination – difficult to read value

[any 2 – 2 mks]

b) Draw a pie chart in the given box to show how tourists travelled to the national park using the data collected for question 2 in the questionnaire. [3]

55 X 3.6 = 198º
25 X 3.6 = 90º
13 X 3.6 = 47º
7 X 3.6 = 25

[plot and show working – 3 mks]

c) What conclusions can be drawn about the tourists to the nature park based on the

data collected for questions 3-5 given in Fig. 1? [3]

Keen on nature activities
Visit park to relax, engage in sports
Prefer simple accommodations to hotels
Popular among people aged 21- 50 years of age, almost 70%

[any 3 – 3 mks]

d) The students interviewed every 5^th tourist to the park. Identify the sampling method and suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using this method. [3]

Systematic sampling [1]
Advantage: simple to use/complete coverage of the population [1]
Disadvantage: not suitable if population is small/may lose variations in the population/not all members have the chance of being selected [1]

Dunearn Sec

4N MYE 2015

2	A group of students investigated possible factors affecting young adults (ages 21-40) in their decisions in holiday destinations. They designed the following questionnaire shown in Fig. 3.
(a)	List two questions in Fig. 3 that will help the students find out what affected young adults’ decisions in holiday destinations.		[1]
	· Questions 5, 6, 7 o 1m for identifying 2 correct questions o 0m if only identified 1 correct question

(b)	(i)	After looking through their survey, their teacher made several suggestions for them to improve the survey. Briefly describe three likely suggestions made by the teacher.	[3]
	· Question 1 can be removed so respondents are more comfortable in answering. · Question 2 age group 10-20 can be removed as it is redundant. · Question 3 can be removed as a ‘no’ response defeats the purpose of the questionnaire. · Question 4 and 5 can be ranking based whereby respondents can rank their option on a scale of 1 to 5, whereby 1 indicate the least important while 5 indicate the most important · Question 6 and 7 can be open-ended rather than feeding respondents with options Accept any reasonable critique of the questionnaire

	(ii)	Explain the suggestions that you have made in b (i).	[3]
	· Since question 1 is removed, it creates opportunity for more frank answers · Since students already know they are only interested in responses from young people, then they should not have provided options that include age groups that do not fit. · Travel can be multi-purpose and there can also be many reasons attracting people to a place, a thus a ranking would indicate a weighted importance as to which factors matter more to tourists than just a simple choosing of multiple options · There are many reasons that would make a tourist wants to visit a place again and to visit a previously un-preferred place, the reasons would be very individualized, so it would be better just left these questions as open-ended questions for respondents to respond freely Accept any logical reasons, must to answer in 1 (b)(i) 3m for well-explained reasons with elaboration, otherwise a maximum of 2m

(c)	Do you think a questionnaire is a good method to obtain data? Give reasons for your answer.		[2]
	· Questionnaires can be quick and easy to fill in · Can be less threatening to respondents as some respondents might not feel comfortable answering their questions through detailed interviews · Can provide a mixture of questions that make the questionnaire more interesting for respondents to fill in · Useful for obtaining general opinions from a selected group of people within a larger pool of people · The data gathered can be easily analysed and tabulated for meaningful analysis · Can be too impersonal · The answers might not be accurate as people can choose to provide non-accurate answers · There is little room for in-depth engagement with the respondents and responses gathered might be too simplified and superficial for the answers to be significant Accept reasoning for either yes or no as long there is proper justifications and/or indication of limitations 2m if more than 1 reason has been given

(d)	(i)	State the sampling type and describe the process.	[2]
	· Sampling type can be random sampling or systematic sampling. · Random sampling where random numbers are determined to select who to be given the questionnaires e.g. 1^st, 5^th, 13^th, 14^th, 19^th, 22^nd, 30^th young adult · Systematic sampling where a fixed interval is determined to be given the questionnaires, e.g. every 5^th young adult.

	(ii)	Describe specific considerations the students should bear in mind when conducting the questionnaire.	[2]
	· Locations to conduct the interview – where young adult congregate the most · Politeness – Being polite to respondents and speaking

Monfort Sec 4N MYE 2015

A group of students were interested to find out the main reason why tourists visit Singapore. They decided to carry out their investigation on 40 tourists in Chinatown. The sampling method that they used is shown in Fig. 2.

Sampling method used by the students

Fig. 2A

(a)

(i)

From Fig. 2A, identify the sampling method that the students used.

...........................................................................................................

[1]

(ii)

Explain an advantage and disadvantage of using the sampling method you have identified in (a)(i).

[2]

(b)

Fig. 2B shows the data the students collected from their investigation in Chinatown.

Data collected by students from their investigation

Main reason for visit	Number of tourists
Visit scenic sites	5
Gourmet food & shopping	12
Attend conference or events	8
Visit heritage sites	15

Fig. 2B

(i)

Suggest a possible hypothesis that the students can make for their investigation.

[1]

(ii)

Describe two methods of data collection that the students can use to conduct their investigation.

[2]

(iii)

Using information from Fig. 2B, create a graph to show the results of the data the students have collected.

[3]

(iv)

How far does the data collected in Fig. 2B support the hypothesis made in (b)(i)? [4]

Sampling	2(a)(i)	- systematic sampling	1
Advantages / disadvantages of systematic sampling	2(a)(ii)	ADV: effective method to reduce bias in a large area of study DISADV: more biased compared to random sampling, as not all members of a sample population has an equal chance of being picked	2
Hypothesis crafting	2(b)(i)	- Most tourists come to Singapore to visit heritage sites - OR few tourists come to Singapore to see scenic sites [accept any plausible answer]		1
Presenting data	2(b)(ii)	- 1m – accurate representation of axis with labels - 1m – accurate representation of results of any two data points - 1m – accurate representation of results of the other 2 data points	3
Data interpretation	2(b)(iii)	- SUPPORT because highest amount of tourists visited heritage sites thus heritage tourism is main reason - SUPPORT DATA e.g. 15 out of 40 (37.5%) tourists surveyed - NOT SUPPORT as difference between highest and next highest is not distinct enough, thus heritage tourism is not main reason - NOT SUPPORT DATA e.g. 12 food and shopping compared to 15 heritage, minimal difference OR - NOT SUPPORT Heritage sites may also have gourmet food stalls and souvenir shops to cater to tourists so the data collected may not be reliable		4
GI - Tourism	2(b)(iv)	- Students can conduct a questionnaire which is a set of prearranged questions to obtain tourist information and their viewpoints - Students can also conduct an interview to collect in-depth information and viewpoints from the tourists	2

Henderson Sec 4N MYE 2015

A group of students investigating tourism did a study at the Casino in Marina Bay Sands, Singapore. They planned a questionnaire for the visitors and interviewed 100 tourists. Figure 2 shows the results of the questionnaire.

What is the most common type of transport tourists take to come to Singapore?

Plane (1)

[1]

ii.

How did most tourists come to know about Marina Bay Sands, Singapore?

Online Websites (1)

[1]

Figure 3 shows a flow line map drawn based on the response of Question 1 in Figure 2.

Describe the trend of the origin of visitors to Marina Bay Sands, Singapore as shown in Figure 3.

General

- The majority of the tourists came from South East Asia / neighbouring countries [1].

Specific

- Many / A larger proportion / 45% of the tourists came from Malaysia [1].

- About 30% of the tourists came from China [1].

- There were significantly fewer tourists coming from countries like Thailand and Japan of about 5% [1].

Anomalies

- There were very few visitors from Indonesia, only about 15% [1].

Accept any 3 points for 3marks

[3]

ii.

Why do you think a flow line map is used to show the country of origin of tourists to Marina Bay Sands, Singapore?

- The flow line map allows us to see the destinations of the tourists [1].

- It also allows us to see the volume of the flow of tourists [1].

- It shows the proportion of tourists from each country [1].

*Accept other plausible answers.

[2]

Figure 4 below shows how the tourists came to know about Marina Bay Sands, Singapore. Complete the graph (the first value has been plotted for you).

1/2M

Figure 4

[2]

What are some of the considerations to keep in mind when selecting tourists for interview to make the data collected more representative?

- Interviewers should provide options for respondents (tourists) to specify where they are from under ‘others’ / select the tourists from a variety of locations [1].

- They should also try to ensure even gender/age distribution [1].

- They should also consider the timing when the interview was conducted (e.g. night vs day/peak season vs lull period) [1].

- Interviewers should also differentiate between domestic / international tourists [1].

[4]

Dunearn Sec 4N MYE 2015

	(i)	With reference to Fig. 4, describe the distribution of fold mountains.	[4]
	· Fold mountains are found at convergent boundaries. · For example, the Himalayas span across the southern Asia and formed when Indian Plate converge with the Eurasian plate. · The Rocky Mountains are located on the west side of North America, along the plate boundary between Pacific Plate and North American plate. · Andes Mountains stretch along the west side of South America and are found in countries like Peru and Chile, along the Nazca and South American plates. · The Atlas mountain and Alps can be found at the boundaries of African and Eurasian plate. The Atlas mountain can be found in Algeria and the Alps can be found in countries like France and Germany.

	(ii)	With the aid of a well-labelled diagram, explain the formation of the Himalayas.	[5]
	· 2m for well labelled diagram, 3m for correct explanation · At the convergent boundary, when 2 continental plates – Indian and Eurasian plates move towards each other and collide, they resist subduction. · The compressional force causes the plates to undergo immense pressure, hence buckling ad folding. · This results in the uplifting of the Earth’s crust to create fold mountains, the Himalayas.
(b)	Study Fig. 5 which shows an overview of how a tsunami is formed. Fig. 5
	Using information from Fig. 8 and your own contextual knowledge, explain how tsunamis are formed.		[3]
	· Occurs during undersea earthquake or violent volcanic eruption · Sea bed is displaced and sends large volume of water towards the land · Waves slow down and become larger in size as they approach the shore · Waves are several metres high crashes on the shore causing coastal settlement to be wiped out/ deaths by drowning.

	Based on Fig. 5, state which location is likely to experience more damage from the earthquake and justify your choice.		[5]
	· Location X is likely to experience more damage from an earthquake. · X is located 75km away from the epicenter, which is nearer as compared to Y’s distance from the epicenter. Hence, X is likely to experience stronger shockwaves. · X is in the urban area as seen by the presence of skyscrapers and other buildings. The collapse of the skyscrapers in X may lead to higher number of casualties as compared to Y where there are no tall buildings. · The population density is likely to be higher as compared to Y. Hence, the chances of many people getting killed or injured during an earthquake are higher in X than Y. · Also, steep mountain slopes nearby may become unstable due to vibrations and landslides may occur, causing greater loss of life and damage to property.

(d)	“There are more risks than benefits of living in areas that have frequent tectonic activities.” How true is this statement? Give reasons for your answer.		[6]
Frequent tectonic activity should be interpreted to include areas with volcanoes rather than just earthquake prone areas. Risks Loss of Lives and damages to property · When infrastructure is destroyed, the government will have to spend a lot of money to rebuild the country, and hence their plans to develop other aspects of the country, like education, will have to be put on hold. · People are killed mostly by the hot ash that blankets the area or by the earthquake and this causes trauma to their family members, having to deal with the loss of their loved ones. · E.g. The eruption of Mt Pinatubo in Philippines in 1991 led to the death of more than 850 people and Mt Saint Helen. · E.g. The Haiti Earthquake in 2010 killed 300, 00 and living 1.3 million people homeless. Disruption in economic activities and earnings · The volcanic ash emitted may reduce visibility, and may cause engine failure of planes. Hence, many flights have to be grounded indefinitely and hence tourists may be deterred by the unpredictable flight schedules and choose not to visit the affected countries. · E.g. Due to the ash emitted from Icelandic volcano in 2010, aviation flights were disrupted, thus reducing the number of tourists visiting many countries in Europe. This meant a drop in tourism earnings for the people living around the area, especially those who work in the tourism industry. · Earthquakes cause disruptions to economic activities and infrastructure and properties are destroyed, hindering businesses from operating. · E.g. Japan’s total cost of repair after the earthquake in Tohoku was US$300 billion as infrastructure was destroyed. Air pollution · The ash and cinder released by volcanoes are able to travel across long distances. This may affect the people living in these areas, causing them to suffer from respiration problems as well as eye irritations. Hospitals will see an increase in the number of patients with such problems and may not be able to cope with this increased demand. The acidic ash released may also mix with water and react violently with certain types of materials/infrastructure, thus speeding up the corrosion process of these properties. · E.g. The eruption of Mt Merapi released large amounts of ash into the atmosphere, which resulted in a large number of the villagers suffering respiratory problems and burns. The ash also settled onto the ancient Borobudur temple and when the acidic ash reacts with water, they act as a weak acid that speeds up the corrosion process of the temple’s structure. Benefits Fertile soil · Many people still choose to return to the volcano after the eruption because the lava (basic and not acidic), when broken down, will release nutrients which will make the soil very fertile, thus facilitating the growth of crops. Farmers can then sell their excess supply of crops, which will allow them to earn an income and hence improve their standard of living. · E.g. The volcanic soils of Java and Bali in Indonesia support the cultivation of crops such as tea, coffee and rice. Despite continuous use, the soils are more fertile than most non-volcanic areas of Indonesia. Tourism · Volcanoes provide a great scenic view and hence serve as a tourist attraction. When tourists visit a country, they will spend money on food, accommodation, services or souvenirs. This creates employment for the locals, for they may work as tour guides or hotel staff. All these will help them to earn an income, which will help them to improve their standard of living. The government may also earn revenue from these tourists in terms of taxes, and the money can be used to further develop the country. · E.g. Mt Fuji is a dormant volcano that draws tourists from all over the world. Tourists visit the volcano to see the magnificent view, and many also choose to stay at the family inns around the area, which are family businesses run by the locals. This will allow the locals to earn an income to support their families. · Countries such as Japan, knowledge of earthquake protection measures and the affordability of damage minimisation technologies, coupled with the scenic beauty (e.g. Mount Fuji) and economic opportunities (e.g. tourism) make living in earthquake prone areas desirable.” Geothermal Energy · Geothermal energy is derived form the heat in the earth’s crust. When groundwater comes into contact with hot rocks beneath the surface, it heats up and erupts as hot water or steam. The hot water or steam can be harnessed to produce electricity. · E.g. Most of Iceland’s electricity is generated from geothermal power because of the large number of volcanoes in the country. Over 70 percent of homes in Iceland are heated by volcanic steam. Precious stones and minerals, building materials. · Volcano rocks can be rich in precious stones and minerals. These resources can only be extracted from volcanic areas after millions of years. When the upper layers of volcanic rocks are eroded, the precious stones and minerals can be extracted. · For example the old volcanic rocks at Kimberly in South Africa are one of the world’s richest sources of diamond. · Volcanic rocks are also good resources for building materials and the production of other daily items. · E.g. In East Java, Indonesia, workers collect sulphur form active volcanoes and will be used to make matches and fertilizers and refined sugar. Level1 (0-2m) General answers with no details of risks or benefits No example Level 2 (3-4m) Statements specifically related to risks or benefits At least one example given One-sided discussion focusing on risks or benefits of tectonic activities Level 3 (5-6m) More than two risks or benefits discussed with use of specific examples Use of multiple examples for points discussed Balanced acknowledgement of both risks or benefits Recognition that benefits can outweigh risks or vice versa depending on specific example

Henderson Sec 4N MYE 2015

5	a)	i.	Figure 9 shows the major tectonic boundaries on Earth. X: Convergent Boundary Y: Transform Boundary Z: Divergent Boundary		[3]
		ii.	Suggest what landform might be formed at “Z” and describe its formation. Landform Z is a mid-oceanic ridge. (1) At divergent plate boundaries of oceanic-oceanic plates, magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap between the plates as they move apart. (1) New sea floor is formed when the magma cools and solidifies.(1) This process is called sea floor spreading. (1) When two oceanic plates diverge, a mid-oceanic ridge is formed. (1)		[4]
	b)		Describe the distribution of earthquake zones shown in Figure 10. General 1. The earthquake zones are mainly found along plate boundaries [1]. Specific 2. The majority of them are located where the: i. North American Plate meets the Juan de Fuca Plate [1], ii. South American Plate meets the Nazca/Cocos Plate [1], iii. Eurasian Plate meets the Australian Plate [1], iv. North American Plate meets the Pacific Plate [1]. Anomalies 3. However, there are also earthquakes that are not located along the plate boundaries, but on the African/Pacific plate itself [1]. Reserve 1 mark each for general, specific and anomaly description.		[5]
	c)		Explain why earthquakes with higher magnitude may not necessarily cause more damage. Distance from epicenter (1) - Areas nearer to the epicentre will experience a more severe the earthquake, which can cause more damage to lives and property [1]. Population density (1) - Places that are densely populated would suffer more casualties and damage than an earthquake in the countryside [1]. Type of soil (1) - Seismic waves are amplified when sediments are loose and unconsolidated, causing more damage [1]. - Liquefaction can also take place on saturated and unconsolidated sediments, causing damage to property as well [1]. Time of occurrence (1) - If the earthquake occurs during the night when people are sleeping, they might not be able to react in time and take cover [1]. Reserve 2 mark for each point/explanation.	[3]
	d)		Describe and account for the differences between a shield volcano and a stratovolcano. Gradient of Slopes Shield volcanoes generally have a gentle slope and a broad summit whereas stratovolcanoes generally have steep slopes and a narrow summit.(1) This is because the lava in shield volcanoes have low viscosity whereas the lava in stratovolcanoes have high viscosity. (1) Lava with low viscosity tend to flow a further distance before solidifying thus creating gentle slopes. (1) Violent Eruption Stratovolcanoes generally have a more violent eruption as compared to a shield volcano. (1) This is because, the more viscous lava in stratovolcanoes trap gases more easily (1) which results in the buildup of pressure below the earth’s surface. (1) When eruption occurs, these gases expand and causes an outward explosion. (1) Max 2 marks for each difference.	[4]
	e)		“The benefits of living near volcanic areas outweigh the risks of living near volcanic areas.” Do you agree? Level 1 (0-2 marks) At this level answers will lack detail and may be general in nature. Only benefits or negative impacts highlighted with little or no elaboration. Examples are not given. Level 2 (3-4 marks) At this level answers will contain some appropriate detail. The content will lack balance and some relevant detail. Benefits and negative impacts describe. Appropriate elaboration on both provided An example will be given to support the answer. Level 3 (5-6 marks) At this level answers will be comprehensive and supported by sound knowledge. Two or more benefits and negative impacts are considered in detail, with support of examples described in detail. There are benefits and risks of living near volcanic areas. Risks such as destruction by volcanic materials and loss of lives are unavoidable. However, there are also benefits of living near volcanic areas such as fertile soil and tourism which brings in additional income for the local population. One of the risks of living near volcanic areas is the destruction of property by volcanic materials. When volcanoes erupt, they produce lava and rock fragments which can lead to widespread damage of property. For example, the ongoing eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii since 1983 has destroyed many homes and highways. Thus living near volcanic areas has inherent risks. However, there are also benefits of living near volcanic areas. One such benefit is the availability of fertile soil. Lava and ash from the volcanic eruptions break down to form fertile volcanic soils which are very favourable to agriculture. For example, the volcanic soils in Java and Bali in Indonesia support the cultivation of crops such as tea, coffee and rice. Thus because of the fertile soil, the area has supported a large population over the years. Furthermore, volcanic areas offer a varieity of activities for tourists to engage in. This encourages tourism, which brings additional income for the local population. For example, the ruins of Pompeii, Italy was buried by layers of ash from the nearby Mount Versuvius when it erupted in 79 CE. The unearthing of Pompeii led to almost 3 million people visiting it every year. Thus living near volcanic areas generates income for the local population.	[6]
			TOTAL:	13	12

Jurong Sec 4N MYE 2015

4.	(a)	Study Fig. 8, which shows the South American continent and its major plate boundaries.

	Using Fig. 8, describe the location of the volcanoes.

	Any 4 for 4 marks: - Concentrated in the western regions of South America [1] - Along the boundaries of Nazca and South American plates [1] - Active volcanoes concentrated in the northern and central areas of plate boundary [1] - Dormant volcanoes found mainly in central and southern areas of plate boundary [1] - All active volcanoes found on continent, while dormant volcanoes can be found in the oceans (i.e. Pacific and Atlantic) [1]
	(b)	With the aid of a well-annotated diagram, explain the formation of fold mountains.


	Drawing and clear labelling [max 2 marks] - as two plates collide, layers of rocks get compressed and start to fold [1] - folds get pushed to great heights to form fold mountains [1]

	(c)	Study Fig. 9, which details the eruption of Mount Sinabung, Indonesia, in 2014.
		(i)	What are the evidences from Fig. 9 that Mount Sinabung is a stratovolcano?

		- violent eruption à viscous lava that traps a lot of gases during eruption [1] - high silica content [1] à does not flow over wide areas (only 1.5km) [1] - pyroclastic flow à superheated rocks and gases flowing down slopes during eruption [1]

		(ii)	Using Fig. 9, explain how the eruption in 2014 had threatened the people living around Mount Sinabung.

		- ash and gas plume à poses health threats [1] - pyroclastic flow à causes damage to farmland and animals [1]; threatens lives causing death or injuries [1] - volcanic debris and lahar à pollutes waterways and makes water unsafe for drinking [1]

	(d)	Describe a tsunami and explain how it is caused.

	- an unusually large sea wave [1] Any 2 for 2 marks - movement of sea floor after an earthquake à sudden thrust pushes water upwards [1] - underwater volcanic eruption à energy from eruption travels through water [1] - underwater landslide à sudden thrust pushes water upwards [1] - overland landslide that plunges materials into water à pushes wall of water forward [1]

	(e)	‘A tsunami brings far more damage than an earthquake.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.

Punggol Sec 4N MYE 2015

4ai. Any 4

• Western edge of north / south America (plate)

• Western edge of the Pacific plate

• Northern edge of Indo-Australian plate / Indonesia

• One in Europe / edge of Eurasian / African plate

• Two in west of Indian ocean / Madagascar (Anomalies)

aii. X: constructive plate boundaries:

• When plates diverge , gap/line of weakness/fissures created

• magma emerges through gap;

• lava solidifies to form volcanoes

Y: destructive plate boundaries:

• plates converge; subduction of the oceanic plate because of its greater density

• friction/heating at convergence

• leads to destruction of oceanic plate/turns to magma/melts/build-up of magma/pressure

• magma rises through lines of weakness

• lava solidifies to create volcano

b. Description:

Negative relationship/inversely proportional/the greater the depth of the earthquake focus, the lower the impact of the earthquake

Explanation:

Where focus of earthquake is deeper, vibrations or seismic waves take longer to reach the surface and would have lost most of their energy by then, thus lower impact.

Where focus is shallower, greater impact expected as vibrations reach the land surface more quickly-greater energy.

c. Any 4

Threat of tsunami, a large sea wave that could cause widespread destruction at the coastal areas when it sweeps inland.

Disruption of services like electricity, gas and water supply could occur and potentially affect a large area.

Earthquakes may rupture gas pipes and the gas can provide the fuel to start a fire that could damage property and cause death.

Landslides could lead to destruction of property and loss of lives at earthquake zones because the shaking of the ground can weaken slopes of hills and mountains causing rapid movements in soil, rock and vegetation debris.

Destruction of property could occur especially if they are not equipped with anti-shock systems, leading to people being homeless/businesses being lost.

d. Level 1 (0-2 marks)

At this level, answers will be generalized or with minimal support if any stand were given at all. Reasoning rather weak and expression may not be clear. A basic answer that has little development.

Level 2 (3-4 marks)

Disagreement or agreement will be supported by appropriate detail. OR, both agreement and disagreement are considered, but support is patchy so that the answer is not full. Good reasoning and logic in parts of the answer with good expressions in places.

Level 3 (5-6 marks)

At this level, answers will be supported by sound knowledge. Both agreements and disagreements are considered and well supported. Reasoning is clear and logical with good expression of language.

Ideally, students need to explain how magnitude is important in determining extent of damage and acknowledge 2 other factors that also affect extent of damage.

An ideal answer would use P-E-E-L format for each response.

Indicative content ( This answer is non-exhaustive and a full answer does not need to have all the following points)

P: Greater magnitude earthquakes are more likely to cause more extensive damage.

EE: The greater the magnitude, the greater energy the earthquake has. Higher readings of the Ritcher scale are associated with widespread destruction. E.g. an earthquake with more than 9.0 can lead to destructions that impact thousands of km of land.

L: Thus, magnitude can be an important factor but not necessarily the most important.

Other factors such as population density, level of preparedness distance from the epicenter time of occurrence, and type of soil could be just as important.

P: The amount of preparation taken by authorities and citizens makes a significant difference to the impact of earthquake too.

EE: Having evacuation plans, trained rescue worker and a range of action plans will minimize the negative impacts of an earthquake drastically. The damage caused by the earthquake will also be more manageable when people are better prepared for it. For e.g., the Japanese are well known to be orderly and in control in times of disasters like earthquakes because of frequent drills and preparedness, knowing what to do exactly minimized the extent of damage as evacuation is done swiftly and in an orderly fashion.

L: thus, level of preparedness is just as important in determining the extent of impact.

P: Time of occurrence could also be equally important.

EE:The time of the day determines where people are and what they are doing. This will affect their chances of survival in an earthquake. For e.g, if the earthquake occurs at a time where most are sleeping, there is a higher chance that these people will be trapped in their homes and more deaths will occur. For e.g. more than 2400 people died when an earthquake occurred a couple of hours after midnight in the Sun Moon Lake Region in Taiwan in 1999.

L: Again, this factor dismisses magnitude as the most important factor. A combination of all the factors that affect extent matters more than just one factor.

Fuchun Sec 4N MYE 2015

Bukit Merah 4N MYE 2015

4ai. Any 4

• Western edge of north / south America (plate)

• Western edge of the Pacific plate

• Northern edge of Indo-Australian plate / Indonesia

• One in Europe / edge of Eurasian / African plate

• Two in west of Indian ocean / Madagascar (Anomalies)

aii. X: constructive plate boundaries:

• When plates diverge , gap/line of weakness/fissures created

• magma emerges through gap;

• lava solidifies to form volcanoes

Y: destructive plate boundaries:

• plates converge; subduction of the oceanic plate because of its greater density

• friction/heating at convergence

• leads to destruction of oceanic plate/turns to magma/melts/build-up of magma/pressure

• magma rises through lines of weakness

• lava solidifies to create volcano

b. Description:

Negative relationship/inversely proportional/the greater the depth of the earthquake focus, the lower the impact of the earthquake

Explanation:

Where focus of earthquake is deeper, vibrations or seismic waves take longer to reach the surface and would have lost most of their energy by then, thus lower impact.

Where focus is shallower, greater impact expected as vibrations reach the land surface more quickly-greater energy.

c. Any 4

Threat of tsunami, a large sea wave that could cause widespread destruction at the coastal areas when it sweeps inland.

Disruption of services like electricity, gas and water supply could occur and potentially affect a large area.

Earthquakes may rupture gas pipes and the gas can provide the fuel to start a fire that could damage property and cause death.

Destruction of property could occur especially if they are not equipped with anti-shock systems, leading to people being homeless/businesses being lost.

d. Level 1 (0-2 marks)

At this level, answers will be generalized or with minimal support if any stand were given at all. Reasoning rather weak and expression may not be clear. A basic answer that has little development.

Level 2 (3-4 marks)

Level 3 (5-6 marks)

At this level, answers will be supported by sound knowledge. Both agreements and disagreements are considered and well supported. Reasoning is clear and logical with good expression of language.

Ideally, students need to explain how magnitude is important in determining extent of damage and acknowledge 2 other factors that also affect extent of damage.

An ideal answer would use P-E-E-L format for each response.

Indicative content ( This answer is non-exhaustive and a full answer does not need to have all the following points)

P: Greater magnitude earthquakes are more likely to cause more extensive damage.

L: Thus, magnitude can be an important factor but not necessarily the most important.

Other factors such as population density, level of preparedness distance from the epicenter time of occurrence, and type of soil could be just as important.

P: The amount of preparation taken by authorities and citizens makes a significant difference to the impact of earthquake too.

L: thus, level of preparedness is just as important in determining the extent of impact.

P: Time of occurrence could also be equally important.

L: Again, this factor dismisses magnitude as the most important factor. A combination of all the factors that affect extent matters more than just one factor.

Clementi Town Sec 4N MYE 2015

(a)

Study Fig. 3a, which shows an advertisement of a type of tourism.

(i)

Identify and describe the type of tourism as described in Fig. 3a.

[2]

AO1+AO3

· Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Events (MICE) Tourism

· A type of tourism in which large groups, usually planned well in advance, are brought together for a particular purpose.

(ii)

Explain how this type of tourism provide opportunities for tourism activities.

[4]

· Venues that can host large-scale events such as meetings and conventions.

· Supporting infrastructure and services such as hotels and retails shops.

· International air routes

· Cities associated with other attractions such as coastal resorts, entertainment and shopping

· Business travellers

(b)

Discuss the Economic and Social impacts of Tourism with reference to named example(s).

AO1+AO2

L1 (1m-2m) – answers are generalised or with minimal support. A basic answer that has little development. More of description rather than explanation. One sided or out of point

L2 (3m-4m) – Economic or Social impacts well supported by appropriate details and explanation. Both positive and negative impacts but support is patchy and explanation is not complete or specific. A general example is given at least one place in the answer.

L3 (5m-6m) – Economic and Social impacts considered. Answers are comprehensive and well supported. Examples to support answers

[6]

Economic Impacts	Social Impacts
Positive Impacts · Employment · income form taxes · foreign exchange · local community can earn more · improve standard of living · improved · facilities/infrastructure	Positive Impacts · Preservation of culture and local customs · The protection of the way people live, including their economic activities, traditional beliefs and religious practices. · Preservation could apply to HERITAGE OR CUSTOMS · When preserved and restored, historical and cultural sites make a place more attractive to tourists. · Benefit local population by enhancing their sense
Negative Impacts · Seasonal unemployment · Underuse of facilities · Shortage of services	Negative Impacts · Dilution of culture and local customs · Identity, culture and values of a place can be lost · Older buildings may be converted to host tourist activities · New and larger buildings may be constructed for tourism · These activities may force the locals to relocate their original activities to other places · Lost of identity · To meet demands and expectations of tourists, local cultural festivities and religious rituals are sometimes modified.

FuChun sec 4N MYE 2015

Hougang Sec 4N MYE

2 (a)

Fig. 5 shows the total number of visitors and growth rate of visitors to China, 2000 to 2010.

Total number of visitors and growth rate of visitors to China, 2000 to 2010

Describe the growth rate of visitors to China from 2000 to 2010.

[4]

· Overall there has been more years of positive growth than negative growth of visitors to China with 6 years of positive growth in 2000 to 2002, 2004, 2006 to 2007.

· OR out of the 6 years of positive growth, there were 4 years of negative growth rate in 2003, 2005, 2008 to 2009. [1]

· The year with the highest growth is in 2004 where growth rate is 55% / 2007 showed the highest number of visitors at 1.1million. [1]

· The year with the lowest growth is in 2003 where growth rate is at -15% / 2000 showed the lowest number of visitors at 4.2million. [1]

· One anomaly observed is the negative growth rate in 2003, which was followed by a highest growth rate in 2004. / 2003 showed a major dip from 6.8million the previous year to 5.5million visitors.[1]

(b)

Explain the positive benefits of ecotourism.

[2]

· Earnings from tourism can be used for conservation and protection of the local environment. [1]

· Tourists learn about the place they visit to appreciate it and understand the local culture. [1]

· Money flows into the local economies to improve the standards of living of the local people. [1]

(any 2 points)

(c)

Evaluate the role of demand factors in global tourism. Give examples to support your answer.

[6]

Level	Marks	Descriptors
1	1 – 2	- 1 demand factor (disposable income / leisure time / changing lifestyle) described - Limited explanation, brief simple statements - No examples given
2	3 – 4	- 2 demand factors (disposable income / leisure time / changing lifestyle) explained but vague - Some points explained but lacked details - Examples are relevant and lack specific details OR 1 demand factor only Explanation is full and detailed Examples are relevant, with supporting evidence
3	5 – 6	- 2 demand factors (disposable income / leisure time / changing lifestyle) most expected points explained - Explanation is full and detailed - Examples are specific and relevant, with supporting evidence

Disposable income

· Disposable income affects global tourism as it affects the ability of people to travel

· Disposable income refers to the amount of income left to an individual after taxes have been paid, as higher disposable income would allow people to go for leisure activities such as travelling for leisure

· [e.g.] Globally disposable income has been increasing due to rapid economic growth, e.g. in countries such as China and India

· In these countries, people in the middle income and high income group has been growing, and with more disposable income, they are able to travel more frequency and extensively.

Leisure time

· There has been an increase in leisure time for people in middle to high income groups.

· Leisure time come in the form of paid leave, and with more income and paid leave, people are more inclined to travel abroad.

· Since 1950s people in all income groups have enjoyed shorter working weeks, more public holidays and more paid annual leave. The increased availability of time has allowed more people to travel

· [e.g.] In Australia, many employees can exchange paid overtime work for leave. This increases their chances of taking longer weekend breaks.

· [e.g.] In Canada, there has been an increase in additional breaks and extended weekends. With an increased in leisure time, it helps promote people to travel further away and for longer time.

Changing lifestyle

· With a faster pace of life, people in the workforce find themselves spending long hours at the workplace beyond official working hours.

· Travelling abroad has become a way for people to take a break from their life at work and at home.

· Due to advance medical technology and knowledge, people are more health conscious and lead healthier lifestyles. Living longer means they are more physically fit and active and able to travel more frequently.

· Travelling has become a way for healthy retirees to spend the remainder of their healthy years productively

· [e.g.] Growth in tour cruises in the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas are popular due to many retirees

· [e.g.] In Australia, a group of retirees known as grey nomads, would spend much of their time travelling in mobile homes or vehicles with four-wheel drive to explore remote parts of the country. [this point only contribute to domestic tourism and not global]

Monfort Sec 4N MYE 2015

Data analysis	3(a)(i)	- [O] The overall trend of tourist arrivals to Singapore is that it is generally increasing from 6,958,201 in year 1999 to 8,328,720 in 2004. - [S] Tourist arrivals was the highest in 2004 where it increased by 35.9% to 8,328,720 which is the highest in this period / Highest increase was in 2004 by 35.9% - [S] Tourist arrivals was the lowest in 2003 where there was a decline of 19%, which is the lowest in that period at 6,127,291. / Lowest increase was in 2002 by 0.6% - [A] In 2001, there was a slight dip of 2.2% from the previous year - [A] While in 2003, there was a sharp decline of 19.0% from the previous year 2002.	4
Destination and demand factors in tourism	3(a)(ii)	Increase due to: - [T] More people are travelling due to developments in technology and shorter air travel and lower cost, leading to an increase in tourist arrival to Singapore. - [Demand] More people are having greater disposable income which gives them greater spending power to travel for leisure. - [Demand] Increase in tourists could be due to more people spend more time at work and due to the fast paced lifestyle, and may choose Singapore as a short getaway to relax. - [Destination] Singapore may have built more attractions and MICE facilities from 1999 to 2004 which may increase the tourist arrivals as tourists return repeatedly. - [Anomaly in 2003] Occurrence of SARS in Singapore in 2003 may have discouraged tourists arrivals, due to the fear contracting the respiratory disease when they visit. (any 2 points)	2
	3(b)	Candidates at each level will show the following characteristics: Level 1 (0 – 2 marks) · Merely stating the positive or/and negative without details. E.g. Tourism causes vandalism and pollution. Level 2 (3 – 4 marks) · Detailed description of ONLY positive OR negative impacts of tourism on the natural environment. E.g. Tourism can cause vandalism where tourists deliberately damage the natural environment located at the tourist site. · At least 2 benefits OR 2 risks discussed. Level 3 (5 – 6 marks) · Detailed description of positive AND negative impacts of tourism on the environment. E.g. Tourism can result in vandalism to the natural environment when tourists deliberately damage natural environments which may be the habitats of indigenous plant and animal species. For example, irresponsible tourists who go scuba diving in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia may remove corals as souvenirs. However, such acts would damage the corals which serve as an important habitat for the indigenous marine species living in the fragile ecosystem. · At least 2 positive AND 1 negative impacts discussed OR at least 2 negative AND 1 positive impacts discussed · Specific reference to studies you have made.		6

St Gabriels Sec 4N MYE 2015

TOPIC	Question 3 (12 m)		AO1+2 kw + exp.	AO1+3 kw + sources
	a	Using information from Fig. 3, describe the changes in tourist arrivals in Japan between 2005 and 2012. [3]
		· Based on Fig. 3, Japan’s tourist arrivals generally increased of 24.22% from 6,728,000 in 2005 to 8,358,000 by 2012. The increase is 1,630,000 in tourist arrivals. [1] · tourist arrivals had increased steadily, at an increase of 19.39% from 6,728,000 to 8,347,000 from 2005 to 2007. In contrast, there is only a slight increase in tourist arrivals by only 0.04% between the period of 2007 to 2008 from 8,347,000 to 8,351,000. · exceptions are between the periods of 2008 to 2009, and between 2010 and 2011 when tourist arrivals decreased. The fall in tourist arrivals is greater for the period 2010 and 2011, a difference of 27.7% from 8,611,000 down to 6,219,000 compared to the period 2008 to 2009 a decrease of 1,561,000, with a difference of only 18.6%, from 8,351,000 to 6,790,000. [1] Accept any other plausible answers with data as supporting evidence.		3
	b	Using Figs. 4A and 4B, state how the purposes for visits have changed between 2003 and 2013. [3]
		· Generally, the proportional share of visits to London for ‘business’, ‘visiting friends and relatives’ and ‘others’ have reduced because the number of holiday visits has increased at a greater rate.		1
		· For example, visits to London for holidays have grown over the last ten years by 8.4% from 42.3% in 2003 to 50.7% in 2013. [1] · the number of visits to visit friends or relatives decreased slightly by 1.4% from 23.9% in 2003 to 22.5% in 2013. However, it has remained the second most popular reason for visit over the last ten years. [1] · Business visits also saw an decrease from 23.4% in 2003 to 19.3% in 2013. [1]		Any 2

SECTION B: STRUCTURED QUESTION (TOTAL: 12 MARKS)
TOPIC	Question 3 (12 m) (cont.)		AO1+2 kw + exp.	AO1+3 kw + sources
	c	‘Changes in tourist numbers and receipts are caused more by the occurances of natural disasters than the outbreak of diseases.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Give examples to support your answer. [6]
		Tourism is a volatile industry. Therefore, the industry may experience changes in tourist numbers and receipts according to regional fluctuations that are often caused by events that affect tourist destinations within and outside the country they occurred in. In particular, the occurrence of natural disasters and the outbreak of diseases. Both of these events have the capacity to cause a huge drop in tourist arrivals. Suggested Answer Version One This is because on one hand, diasters cause great damage to properties, lead to injuries or cause great loss of life. It can potentially discourage tourists from visiting a destination because it poses greater risks to the safety of tourists. For example, in March 2011, Japan suffered a double blow of the occurrence of natual disasters namely the Japan Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. By the end of 2011, Japan’s total tourist arrivals had decreased by 28 per cent to 6.2 million arrivals. The majority of the decline are in tourist arrivals from nearby South Korea and China. Diasaters can also discourage the citizens of the affected country from travelling overseas. For example, South Korea receives a third of its tourists from Japan, its largest source of tourist arrivals. However, compared to 2010, tourist arrivals from Japan in 2011 fell by 12 per cent in March, 8 per cent in April and 2 per cent in May, accourding to the Korea Tourism Organization. The disaster also affected the tourism industry of nearby countries, mainly through loss of income from Japanese tourists. On the other hand, a sudden and widespread outbreak of disease in an area can also discourage tourists from visiting the afected area. This is because tourists do not want to risk getting infected with a contagious disease. Morever, government agencies may also advise would be travellers to avoid travelling to areas with disease outbreaks. Outbreak of diseases, such as the H1N1 influenza or SARs (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), can have strong negative impacts on tourism. They discourage tourist travel and cause significant declines in tourist arrivals due to reasons such as postponement of business travels or cancellation of large-scale MICE activities. For example, a SARs outbreak spread over six months in 2003 had killed 775 people and infected more	6

SECTION B: STRUCTURED QUESTION (TOTAL: 12 MARKS)
TOPIC	Question 3 (12 m) (cont.)		AO1+2 kw + exp.	AO1+3 kw + sources
		than 8,000 in 25 countries. In another example, the World Health Organisation identified H1N1 influenza outbreaks in the USA, Mexico and Spain. As one of the several influenza viruses that originated from pigs, H1N1 influenza also known as ‘swine flu’ can be fatal. In Mexico, it was blamed for widespread cancellations of holiday bookings by tourists from the USA, Canada and Europe in 2009. In conclusion, changes in tourist numbers and receipts are subjected to both the occurrances of natural disasters and also the outbreak of diseases. This is because both of these events can cause rapid changes in a region’s situation or condition prompting tourists to avoid the affected areas thus causing a huge drop in tourist arrivals. Suggested Answer Version Two The outbreak of diseases has a higher capacity to cause a long term change in tourist numbers and receipts for various countries. This is clearly shown through the outbreaks of the H1N1 influenza or SARs (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), in the various parts of the world at different periods over the span of almost eight years from 2003 in Hong Kong till 2009 where the influenza outbreaks are experienced in USA, Mexico and Spain. This outbreak of SARs became a global epidemic and have strong negative impacts on tourism for vaious countries especially the countries plagued with the epidemic. It had discourage tourist travel and cause significant declines in tourist arrivals due to reasons such as postponement of business travels or cancellation of large-scale MICE activities. This is because tourists habour the fear of being infected with the disease or being a carrier of the disease that upon arriving back to their home country can spread to the local population. For example, a SARs outbreak spread over six months in 2003 had killed 775 people and infected more than 8,000 in 25 countries. In another example, the World Health Organisation identified H1N1 influenza outbreaks in the USA, Mexico and Spain. As one of the several influenza viruses that originated from pigs, H1N1 influenza also known as ‘swine flu’ can be fatal. In Mexico, it was blamed for widespread cancellations of holiday bookings by tourists from the USA, Canada and Europe in 2009. On the other hand, natural disasters cause a lesser extent of changes in tourist numbers and receipts. Disasters causes great damage to properties, lead to injuries or cause great loss of life and can also potentially discourage tourists from visiting a destination because it poses

SECTION B: STRUCTURED QUESTION (TOTAL: 12 MARKS)
TOPIC	Question 3 (12 m) (cont.)		AO1+2 kw + exp.	AO1+3 kw + sources
		greater risks to the safety of tourists. But the duration and area of impact of the affected area are somewhat contained. A tourist can still travel to the part of the country not affected by the natural disaster without fear and carry on with their tourist activities. For example, in March 2011, Japan suffered a double blow of the ocuurances of natual diasters namely the Japan Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. By the end of 2011, Japan’s total tourist arrivals had decreased by 28 per cent to 6.2 million arrivals. The majority of the decline in tourist arrivals came from nearby South Korea and China. However, a year after the disaster, Japan authorities confidently pointed to a recovery with international tourist arrivals almost equal to the 2009 figures. This increase was due to the international promotion efforts which aimed to show a safe and beautiful Japan. In conclusion, changes in tourist numbers and receipts are subjected to both the occurrances of natural disasters and also the outbreak of diseases. The difference is in the intensity of the impact of the events. The impact of the outbreaks of diseases is far more damaging and can extend over long periods of time than that of natural disasters where it is at most times localised. Its impacts affect only the affected area or region of the country whereas tourists can still visit parts of the country not affected by the disaster and carry on their tourists activities. The drop in overall tourist arrivals is only because tourists avoided the affected disaster area and not the rest of the country.

Bukit Merah 4NA MYE 2015

a) Using Fig. 5, estimate the mean annual temperature for Guayaquil and Quito. Explain how altitude affects temperatures in Guayaquil and Quito. [5]

Mean annual temperature

Guayaquil: 27.7ºC [1]

Quito: 13°C. [1]

High altitude Quito is more than 10ºC cooler than sea level Guayaquil [1].

The sun’s heat is absorbed by the earth’s surface which warms up the atmosphere. Most of the heat is trapped within the lower layers of the atmosphere close to the earth's surface [1]. Hence, very little heat reaches mountains as they are far from the earth's surface [1]

Air is less dense at higher altitudes [1] and it has less ability to absorb heat [1].

b) Annotate Fig. 6 to explain how sea breezes are formed. [4]

i) Describe the causes of deforestation. [4]

Make products such as paper, furniture
Clear the area for mining activities
Set up farms
Construct infrastructure etc

[any 4 – 4 mks]

ii) How does deforestation cause global warming? [3]

There are fewer trees to absorb carbon dioxide
Burning of forest releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
Deforestation exposes soil to sunlight and this increases soil temperature and the rate at which carbon in the soil reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce carbon dioxide

[any 3 – 3 mks]

i) Describe the trends in global sea level rise from 1870 to 1990. [3]

overall, increasing

gradual increase from 1870-1910
1910-1930 stable
greater increase from the 1930-1990

[any 3 – 3 mks]

ii) ‘Sea level rise is the most devastating result of climate change.’

How true is this statement? Give reasons for your answer. [6]

Agree

Over 600 million people worldwide live in areas less than 10 metres above sea level - these areas are likely to experience devastating impacts eg 80% of Majuro Atoll, Pacific Ocean will be lost if the sea rises by half a metre
Vast areas of coastal and wetland habitats including mangroves, corals could be lost
Coastal cities eg Miami, New York, New Orleans (USA), Mumbai (India), Osaka (Japan) are likely to experience storm surges and floods. When that happens, millions of people and assets will be lost

Disagree

There are other devastating impacts of climate change:

Extreme weather events eg heat waves, floods, droughts, tropical cyclones could cause deaths eg in the European heat wave of 2003, more than 50,000 died
A rise in temperature and rainfall can increase the risk of dengue in new places eg nearly 4,000 cases of imported and locally-transmitted dengue fever were reported in the U.S. between 1995 and 2005
High temperatures and drought can reduce plant and animal species in the forests
How serious people and natural systems are affected will depend not only on the nature and level of climate change, but also on their vulnerability to change and ability to adapt

Level 1 (0-2 mks)	Level 2 (3-4 mks)	Level 3 (5-6 mks)
Either agree or disagree with no details Weak reasoning No examples	Either agree or disagree with some details given. Or, agree and disagree but answers lack details Fair reasoning Some examples given but general	Agree and disagree with details given Good reasoning Well supported with examples

Clementi Town Sec 4N MYE 2015

5 (a

(b)

(i)

(ii)

Study Fig. 5a, which shows the climograph of Mangalore, India.

With reference to Fig. 5a, describe the climatic conditions of Mangalore, India.

AO1+AO3

Located 5° and 25° north and south of the equator
Monsoon climate is characterised by high mean annual temperatures of 27° to 30° as shown in Fig. 5a.
Distinct wet and dry seasons where June to Sept, it receives higher rainfall of about 1000mm in July.
However, during the dry season that is between Oct and May, it receives low or no rainfall in certain months. E.g. Jan and Feb

Compare the climatic conditions of the equatorial climate and cool temperate climate.

AO1+AO2

Any 2 comparisons

Equatorial	Cool Temperate
· High Temp (about 30°C) · Small annual temp range (2°C to 3°C) · High total annual Rainfall (>2000mm)	· Low Temp (can go below sub-zero) · Huge annual temp range (>25°C) · High total annual Rainfall (<900mm)

Study Fig. 5b, which shows isobars of air pressure on a map.

Fig. 5b

Use information from Fig. 5b to describe the air pressure over North American continent.

• Western side of the North American continent is experiencing high pressure, highest at 1020mb.

• Eastern side of the NA continent is experiencing low pressure, lowest at 996mb.

• Differences in air pressure across regions or places cause air to flow from one place to another, resulting in wind.

· Wind travels from High to low pressure.

Study Fig. 5c, which shows the presence of clouds in a particular day.

With reference to Fig. 5c, explain how the amount of cloud cover affects temperatures on the earth’s surface in the day.

AO1+AO3

· During the day, the clouds reflect a large portion of the sun’s ray energy back to space

· Clouds also absorb heat radiated from the earth’s surface

· This keeps the earth’s surface cool

Explain the formation of clouds in the atmosphere.

AO1+AO2

· When earth’s surface is heated up, water is converted to water vapour in a process known as evaporation

· As water vapour rises, it starts to cool

· As it reaches the dew point temperature, condensation takes place if there are tiny particles, such as dust, for the water vapour to condense on.

· The water droplets in the air will bump into each other and become larger in a process called coalescence. Clouds form as a result.

“Deforestation has led to the enhanced greenhouse effect.”

To what extent do you agree with this statement? Support your answers with examples.

AO1+AO2

L1 (1-2) – answers are generalised or with minimal support. A basic answer that has little development. More of description rather than explanation. One sided or out of point

L2 (3-4) – Only explain deforestation well supported by appropriate details and explanation. But support is patchy and explanation is not complete or specific. A general example is given at least one place in the answer.

L3 (5-6) – Other causes were explained (Burning of fossil fuel) considered. Answers are comprehensive and well supported. Examples to support answers.

Topics include:

Deforestation
Burning fossil fuels
Changing Land Use – Agriculture, industries & Urbanisation

Dunearn Sec 4N MYE 2015

5	Study Fig. 7, which shows the climatic data of a coastal weather station in India. Fig. 7
(a)	Using Fig. 7, identify the climatic type and describe the main features of the climate.				[4]
	· The climate type is tropical monsoon (1m, compulsory) · India experiences a tropical monsoon climate as there is two distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season can be seen from June to September and the dry season from November to May. · Its mean annual temperature is high of 27.3 ͦC, and has a small annual temperature range of 6 ͦC. · The coastal station received a rainfall of 1902 mm a year.

(b)	‘The enhanced greenhouse effect contributes largely to global climate change.’
	(i)		Define ‘enhanced greenhouse effect’ and identify two greenhouse gases that contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect.		[3]
	Definition:			An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leading to a rise in global temperatures. (1m)

	Examples:			water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and halocarbons such as chlorofluorocarbons [Any 2, 1m each]


	(ii)		Explain any two impacts of climate change.		[4]
	· Sea level rise: With an increase in temperatures, the glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica start to melt. The water in seas and oceans also starts to expand. Rising sea levels then threaten low-lying areas and islands. · More frequent extreme weather events: Higher temperatures have resulted in greater amounts of water vapour and latent heat in a warmer atmosphere driving extreme weather events. This refers to the more severe and rare phenomenon, such as heat waves and floods, that will result in significant economic losses and loss of lives. · Spread of some infectious insect-borne diseases: With increased temperatures and rainfall in various parts of the world, insects thrive in these favourable conditions which results in the spread of some infectous insect-borne diseases, which are transmitted to humans or animals by insects. · Lengthening the growing season in certain regions: With the increase in temperature, the growing season in some regions have changed. More types of crops can now be grown in cooler regions while the productions of some crops will drop as they require cool weather conditions to grow.

(c)	Study Fig. 8, which shows the distribution of rain over places X, Y and Z.
	(i)	Identify the type of rainfall experienced in Fig. 8.			[1]
		· Relief rain
	(ii)	Account for the amount of rain received at Y and Z.			[2]
		· Much of the moisture that has been picked up by the prevailing wind is forced to cool and condense as the altitude rises · Thus, much of the rain would have fallen at Y as it is the windward side. Z does not experience rain as there is no more moisture to condense on the leeward side (no windward/ leeward mention, no mark)
(d)	With the aid of a well-labelled diagram, explain why hot deserts are often very cold at night.				[5]
	2m for well labelled diagram, 3m for correct explanation · During the day, the absence of clouds allows large amounts of the sun’s energy to reach the earth. · The earth’s surface heats up quickly, so the air near the earth’s surface is warmer. · During the night, the absence of clouds allows more of the heat radiated from the earth’s surface to escape into space. The air near the earth’s surface is thus cooler at night.
(e)	‘Climate change is mainly caused by human factors.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons to support your answer.				[6]
Human factors Burning fossil fuels Burning of fossil fuel such as oil, coal and natural gas produces a large amount of energy that is important for human activities such as industries and transportation. Fossil fuels are estimated to produce more than 80 per cent of global energy. Due to their high carbon content, fossil fuels contribute to the increase in greenhouse gases by producing large amounts of carbon dioxide when burnt. The world’s usage of fossil fuels has increased in recent years, releasing billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year. Deforestation: The removal of trees increases the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. More heat will be trapped by carbon dioxide, thus contributing to an increase in the earth’s temperature. Deforestation means that there are fewer trees and plants that can take in carbon dioxide. The removal of forests also exposes the soil to sunlight. The exposure increases the rate of carbon oxidation in the soil, and thus more carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Changing land use: The increased demand for land to be used in different ways. More heat will be trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, thus contributing to an increase in the earth’s temperature. Greenhouse gases are produced by agricultural activities from the use of tractors and fertilisers, decomposition of organic matter in rice fields and methane gas from cattle farming. The burning of fossil fuels by industrial activities results in greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases are released as by-products when goods are produced. Urbanisation, which is a process in which an increasing number of people live in urban areas such as cities or towns, results in the increase in energy consumption and hence an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Natural factors Variations in solar output: The sun emits varying amounts of solar output due to changes in sun’s magnetic field. An increase in the sun’s magnetic activity results in an increase in radiation emitted by the sun. The earth’s surface temperatures will rise due to the increase in radiation received from the sun. Volcanic eruptions: When a volcano erupts, large volumes of carbon dioxide, water vapour, sulphur dioxide, dust and ash are released into the atmosphere. Sulphur dioxide reacts with water to form sulphur-based particles in the atmosphere. Together with dust and ash, these particles reflected solar energy back into space. This results in global dimming. Global dimming is the gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the earth’s surface. Global dimming also temporarily cools the earth for months of years. Level 1 (0-2 marks) At this level, answers will be generalised or with minimal support, if any stand was given at all. Reasoning is rather weak and expression may be unclear. Answers are basic with little development. Level 2 (3-4 marks) Disagreement or agreement will be supported by appropriate detail. Alternatively, both agreement and disagreement are considered, but support is patchy and answers are not complete. Good reasoning and logic in parts of the answer with good expression in places. Level 3 (5-6 marks) At this level, answers are comprehensive and supported by sound knowledge. Both agreement and disagreement are considered and well supported. Reasoning is clear and logical with good expression of language. Answers clearly recognise that climate change is also a natural process.

Fuchun Sec 4N MYE 2015

Henderson Sec 4N MYE 2015

4	a)	Figure 6 below shows the climograph of Hohhot, China. Describe the climate of Hohhot, China as shown in Figure 6. The temperature of Hohhot, China can be described as low with an annual mean temperature of about 5^oC. (1) It fluctuates throughout the year with periods of summer (June) to periods of winter (December). (1) The total annual rainfall in Hohhot, China can be described as moderate at about 450mm. (1) It shows distinct wet and dry seasons with August registering the highest rainfall at about 130mm and January registering the lowest with almost no rainfall. (1) Reserve 2 marks for temperature and rainfall. Accept other plausible answers.		[4]
	b)	Explain how altitude can affect the temperature of an area. The higher the altitude, the lower the temperature. [1] This is because the atmosphere is mostly heated by the earth’s surface. [1] The higher up the atmosphere you go, the further you are from the surface of the earth [1] which is heated by the sun, which results in temperature decreasing [1]. Accept other plausible answers.	[3]
	c)	Describe how sea breezes are formed During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea. (1) As a result, the air pressure over the land is lower than the sea, forming an area of low pressure (1) on land and an area of high pressure at the sea. (1) air blows from the high pressure area (sea) to the low pressure area (land), resulting in sea breezes. (1)	[4]
	d)	With the aid of Figure 7, explain how increased use of fossil fuel leads to an increase in greenhouse effect gases. As shown in Figure 7, as fuel consumption over the year increases, this leads to a similar increase in carbon dioxide levels. (1) This is because, as fossil fuels such as coal (1) are burned for energy (1), it produces a large amount of carbon dioxide. (1) This causes a surge in the carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and carbon dioxide is a greenhouse effect gas. (1)		[4]
	e)	With reference to Figure 8, explain why human activities are the main causes of global warming. List of human activities Forestry – cutting down of trees in forests reduces absorbtion of carbon dioxide. (1) With more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, it will lead to global warming. (1) Transport – The burning of petrol in vehicles (1) release of oxides into the air (13%). (1) Industries – release of sulphur and nitrous oxides (1) due to the burning of fossil fuels for energy (57%). (1) Reserve 2 marks for each human activity. Accept other plausible answers.		[4]
	f)	Evaluate the success of international strategies in combating global warming. Level 1 (0-2m) States/Describes what the Kyoto Protocol is about. Describes briefly/ describes the success and/or limitations of the Kyoto Protocol. No examples. Level 2 (3-4m) Descibe or Brief explanations on the successes and/or limitations of the Kyoto Protocol. Explains at least 1 success and 1 limitation of the Kyoto Protocol. Examples may be provided, but may be sketchy. Level 3 (5-6m) At least 3 detailed explanations on the success and limitations of the Kyoto Protocol (2 positive and 1 negative or vice versa). Shows understanding of question by linking back to the question. Examples are detailed. The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). UNFCC is an international convention set up with the goal of reducing the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Many countries came together to sign the Kyoto Protocol. Their goal was to come up with measures to address climate change and put them into practice. The agreement was first drawn up in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and came into force on 16 February 2005. Under the protocol, various targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions were set for participating countries. The Kyoto Protocol was successful as an international strategy to combat global warming. This is because many countries have met or exceeded the targets set by the Kyoto Protocol. Countries were required to monitor and report their greenhouse gas emissions, helping to ensure that they were on track to keep their emission targets. This included countries such as Austria, Finland, Greece, Ireland and Spain. Therefore, the Kyoto Protocol was successful in combating global warming. However, the Kyoto Protocol was not successful as an international strategy to combat global warming. This is because even though most countries which signed the protocol succeeded in meeting their emission targets, there were still countries such which did not achieve their targets. This included countries such as Denmark, Sweden and UK. Thus, it is successful to a limited extent in combating global warming. In view of this, a Copenhagen Accord was signed in 2009 during the Copenhagen Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark. The purpose of the conference was to improve on the measures developed for the Kyoto Protocol to deal with the issue of climate change. The success of the Copenhagen Accord is that it successfully brought together a group of important political figures to discuss the measures that will address the issue of climate change effectively. For example, developed countries agreed to provide a total of US$30 billion to less developed countries for the period between 2010 and 2012. The funds will help less developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. In this way, the Copenhagen Accord is able to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the limitation of the Copenhagen Accord is that many developed countries have refused to sign the accord, making it not legally binding. For example, the targets set by various countries to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases were a guideline rather than a condition that must be fulfilled. Thus the Copenhagen Accord has its limited effectiveness.	[6]

Hougang Sec 4N MYE 2015

3(a)

Fig. 6 is a map of Alaska, showing the cities of Anchorage and Fairbanks.

Fig. 6

Why would Anchorage experience cooler summers and warmer winters than Fairbanks?

[4]

· Anchorage experiences maritime effect. [1]

· Anchorage is on the coast while Fairbanks is inland [1]

· During the summer, the sea is slow to heat up and so the air over the sea is cooler than the air over the land and this air helps to lower the temperature of coastal areas [1]

· During the winter, the sea is slow to cool down and so the air over the sea is warmer than the air over the land and this helps to raise the temperature of coastal areas. [1]

(do not award 2 marks if explanation is given to explain continental effect, not answering question)

Fig. 7 shows a climograph of Khulna, Bangladesh.

Fig. 7

Identify and describe the distinctive characteristics of this climate type.

· [Identify] Khulna has a tropical monsoon climate [1]

[Describe]

· It has a distinct wet and dry season, with heaviest rainfalls in months from June to August / driest months in November to February. [1]

· High annual temperature throughout the year at 26.1^oC / It has a moderate temperature range of between 20^oC and 30^oC [1]

· High annual rainfall of 1,736mm [1]

(Identify 1 mark, Describe 3 marks)

(b)

Fig. 8 shows a factor that affects temperature at areas A and B

[4]

Explain the differences in temperature at A and B.

· A experiences higher temperature than B. [1]

· A is at lower latitude / at the equator, resulting in the sun’s ray striking the earth’s surface at a higher angle of incidence. This results in solar energy concentrated on a smaller area, giving rise to higher temperatures at A. [1]

· B is at higher latitude / nearer the poles, sun’s rays would strike the earth’s surface at a lower angle of incidence. This results in solar energy spread out over a wider area, giving rise to lower temperatures at B. [1]

(c)

With a labelled diagram, describe how relief rain is formed.

2marks for diagram drawn (labels: windward , leeward, arrows)

[3]

· [def] Occurs when warm, moist air is forced to rise over landforms such as a mountain range. [1]

· Warm moist air passes over the sea and reaches the coast, air rises up the windward side of the mountain and is forced to cool [1]

· When temperature of air reaches dew point, condensation occurs and clouds are formed. [1]

· Water droplets become heavy and fall as rain on the windward side. [1]

(any 3 points)

Fig. 9 shows a human activity in Russia.

Identify the human activity in Fig. 9 and explain how it causes enhanced greenhouse effect.

· [Identify] Deforestation [1]

· [Explain] Forests absorb billions of tonnes of greenhouse gases, particularly, carbon dioxide every year via photosynthesis. With deforestation, there are fewer trees and other plants to absorb carbon dioxide, leading to an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. [1]

· Soil is one of the largest sources of carbon in the world. Carbon in the soil accumulates through the decay of organic matter such as dead leaves and animals. [1]

· Deforestation exposes soil to sunlight. This increases soil temperature and the rate of carbon oxidation the soil. [1]

· Carbon oxidation is a process by which carbon in the soil reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce carbon dioxide. Thus, deforestation increases the rate at which carbon dioxide is released from the soil to the atmosphere. [1]

(Identify 1m, Explain 2 points)

(d)

[5]

‘Climate change brings more harm than good.’

How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.

Level	Marks	Descriptors
1	1 – 2	- only harms or good of climate change described - Limited explanation, brief simple statements - No examples given
2	3 – 4	- harms and good of climate change explained but vague - Some points explained but lacked details - Examples are relevant and lack specific details OR 1 sided explanation Explanation is full and detailed Examples are specific and relevant
3	5 – 6	- harms and good of climate change explained fully - Explanation is full and detailed - Examples are specific and relevant, with supporting evidence

Brings more harm:

Sea Level Rise

· Refers to the increase in the mean (average) height of the sea’s surface between high tide and low tide

· Main causes of sea level rise:

· Melting of glaciers due to higher temperature

· Higher temperatures cause the water in seas and oceans to expand

· Natural climate changes have caused sea levels to fluctuate (increase and decrease) over millions of years’

· However, there has been a steady increase in the sea levels recorded from the late 1800s till today

· Over 600 million people worldwide live in areas that are less than 10 metres above sea level

· Two-thirds of the world’s largest cities are located in coastal areas. These areas will also be at risk due to rising sea levels

· Rising sea levels would hence mean that these areas are now much more prone to flooding

· Rising sea levels will also impact the coastal land and wetland habitats such as mangrove forests

More frequent weather events

· Refer to Heat waves, floods, droughts, tropical cyclones

· Extreme weather events are increasing due to higher land and sea surface temperatures

· As the temperatures increase due to the enhanced greenhouse effect, it results in more water vapour to be released into the already warmer atmosphere. (latent heat)

· This is hence a trigger for many extreme weather events

Spread of Infectious Insect-borne Diseases

· Insect prefer living in conditions where temperatures and rainfall are high

· Due to the enhanced greenhouse effect, many locations around the world are experiencing such weather conditions

· As a result, this will cause more insects to breed, many of which carry diseases (insect-borne diseases)

· For example, heavy rainfall causes more mosquitoes to breed (in aquatic habitats)

· Some of these mosquitoes, such as the aedes mosquito, carry diseases such as dengue, which cause people to develop symptoms such as flu and fever.

· Dengue fever is caused by a virus transmitted to humans by the bite of and infected mosquito. (Symptoms: fever, headaches and even severe bleeding)

· Malaria is an insect-borne disease spread by the mosquito parasite. (Symptoms: high fever, chills and flu-like)

· The changing climate due to the enhanced greenhouse effect has hence caused more infectious diseases from the insects to spread to humans and animals.

· The distribution of the occurrence of infectious insect-borne diseases is also changing (from tropics to moderate temperature regions).

Brings more good:

Lengthening the Growing Season in Certain Regions

· Growing season: the period during which crops can be grown

· Different crops take different amounts of time to grow

· Global climate change has affected the growth period of crops in certain areas

· Higher temperatures have caused the growing seasons to become longer in some regions

· This has either a positive or negative impact on the plants

· Positive impact: In areas such as the United Kingdom, new types of crops such as blackberries and maize can be grown. In places such as Canada, higher temperatures have resulted in greater production of fruit, soybeans, potatoes and wheat

409 Geography

Wednesday, July 6, 2016

Answer to Other school's papers 2015

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